Thought of War and Literacy of Peace: A Comparison between US and Turkey

Ali Altıkulaç

Abstract


The main purpose of this research is to comparatively examine the views of social studies teacher candidates in Turkey and the USA towards war and peace, and to reveal the similarities and differences. In parallel with the increasing violence and wars in the world, literacy of peace has become a concept that attracts more and more attention. Each country includes war and peace issues in its curriculum in different ways. Literacy of peace has become one of the basic elements of citizenship education in democratic societies. Social studies is one of the most powerful components of citizenship education. In the social studies course, while trying to raise patriotic individuals by teaching about the wars of the past, they are also trying to raise democratic citizens who have gained peace awareness. The research is a descriptive study in which quantitative and qualitative research methods are used together. As a quantitative data collection tool, The Attitude Inventory Regarding Peace and War developed by Bizumic et al., was used. Moral dilemma stories were used as a qualitative data collection tool. Qualitative and quantitative analysis techniques were applied together to transform the obtained data sets into findings. Working group of the research is 60 teacher candidates in total, 30+30 each studying at state universities in Türkiye and the USA. Descriptive analysis method was used to analyze the data. A comparative analysis of participants’ perspectives on war and peace can give us an idea about how war and peace can be included in the teaching process. According to the results of the research, it was seen that the attitudes towards peace of the participants from both countries were high and when compared, the attitudes of the participants from the USA towards peace were higher than the participants from Turkey. The findings of the qualitative analysis also support this conclusion.

Keywords


Peace, Literacy, War, Education, Comparison

Full Text:

PDF

References


Ahmad, I. (2003). Education for Democratic Citizenship and Peace. U.S. Department of Education. Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Doc. No: ED475576.

Akgül, N. S. P. (2015). Barış Çalışmaları: Başlangıçtan Günümüze Değişimi. Barış Araştırmaları ve Çatışma Çözümleri Dergisi, 3(1), 85-106.

Aktaş, Ö., & Safran, M. (2013). Evrensel Bir Değer Olarak Barış ve Barış Eğitiminin Tarihçesi. Türkiye Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi, 17(2), 131-150.

Altıkulaç, A., & Uslu, S. (2014). Teaching Values through the Moral Dilemma Approach in Social Studies Course. Journal of Theoretical Educational Science, 7(3), 383-407.

APSA. (1996). Citizenship education for the next century: A taskforce to initiate Professional activities. PS: Political Science and Politics, 4, 755-758.

Ascenso C. S., Coulardeau T., Gonzalez E., Kalan E., Ortiz-Quintilla G. R., Schweitzer S., Veeneman I., & Villanueva M. (2014). Barış Eğitimini Yaygınlaştırma Metodolojiler, Yaklaşımlar ve Vizyonlar: Uygulama Kılavuzu. European Intercultural Forum E. V. Almanya. İstanbul: Habitat Kalkınma ve Yönetişim Derneği.

Aspeslagh, R., & Burns, R. J. (1996). Approaching Peace through Education: Background, Concepts and Theoretical Issues. In R. J. Burns & R. Aspeslagh (Eds.), Three Decades of Peace Education around The World (pp. 25-69). Garland.

Barber, J. P., & Walczak, K. K. (2009). Conscience and critic: peer debriefing strategies in grounded theory research. The meeting of the American Educational Research Association (AERA), California.

Bar-Tal, D. (2002). The elusive nature of peace education. In G. Salomon and B. Nevo (Eds.), Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world (pp. 27-36). Lawrence Erlbaum.

Bar-Tal, D., & Rosen, Y. (2009). Peace education in societies involved in intractable conflicts: Direct and indirect models. Review of Educational Research 79(2), 557-575.

Bayram, D., & Aslan, C. (2008). An analysis on theme of “Peace” in primary Turkish curricula. Proceedings for WCCI, 13th Word conference in education on Creating a Global Culture of Peace: Strategies, for Curriculum Development and Implementation. Antalya, Turkey.

Bedir, G., & Arslan, M. (2014). Designing an Educational Program Model towards Furnishing Secondary School Students with Positive Attitudes for ‘Peace Education’. International Online Journal of Education and Teaching (IOJET), 1(3), 237-249.

Bedir, G., & Demir, S. (2008). Primary school students’ metaphors about the concept of “peace”. Proceedings for WCCI, 13th Word conference in education on Creating a Global Culture of Peace: Strategies, for Curriculum Development and Implementation. Antalya, Turkey.

Bengtsson, M. (2016). How to plan and perform a qualitative study using content analysis. NursingPlus Open, 2, 8-14.

Biton, Y., & Salomon, G. (2006). Peace in the eyes of Israeli and Palestinian youths: Effects of collective narratives and peace education program. Journal of Peace Research 43(2), 167-180.

Bizumic, B., Stubager, R., Mellon, S., Linden, N. & Iyer, R., & Jones, B. (2013). On the (in)compatibility of attitudes toward peace and war. Political Psychology, 34(5), 673-693.

Bjerstedt, A. (1988). Peace Education in Different Countries. Malmö: Educational Information and Debate, No.81.

Burns, R. J. (1985). Teachers and Peace Education in Australia: Whose task?, In C. Alger & J. Balazs (Eds.), Conflict and Crisis of International Order (pp. 467-476). Budapest; Centre for Peace Research Coordination at The Hungarian Academy of Sciences.

Cabezudo, A., & Haavelsrud, M. (2013). Rethinking Peace Education. Journal of Conflictology, 4(1), 279-296.

Cihan, N. (2014). Okullarda Değerler Eğitimi ve Türkiye’deki Uygulamaya Bir Bakış. Electronic Turkish Studies, 9(2), 429-436.

Crabtree, B. F., & Miller, W. L. (1999). Doing qualitative research. Sage publications.

Creswell, J. W. (2003). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches (2nd ed.). Sage.

Coşkun, Y. (2012). İlköğretim Programlarında Barış Eğitimi ve Barış Eğitimine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans). Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi.

Demir, S. (2011). Türkiye’de Barış Eğitimine Bakış: Tanımlar, Zorluklar, Öneriler: Nitel İnceleme. Kuram ve Uygulamada Eğitim Bilimleri, 11(4), 1727-1745.

Doyle, M. (1997). Ways of war and peace: Realism, liberalism and socialism. Norton. Fountain, S. 1999. Peace Education in UNICEF, (working paper, UNICEF, June 1999).

Forster, N. (1995). The analysis of company documentation. In C. Casell and G. Symon (Eds.). Qualitative methods in organizational research: A practical guide (pp. 83-106). Sage.

Galtung, J. (1969). Violence, Peace and Peace Research. Journal of Peace Research, 6(3), 167-191. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/422690

Galtung, J. (1973). Gewalt, Frieden und Friedensforschung. In Senghaas, D. (Ed.), Kritische Friedensforschungn (pp. 55-104). Suhrkamp.

Garcia, C. (1984). Latin America Traditions and Perspectives. International Review of Education, 29 (3), 369-390.

Gazioğlu, G. (2008). The effect of peace and conflict resolution education on emotional intelligence, self-concept, and conflict resolution skills [Unpublished master’s thesis]. Boğaziçi University, İstanbul.

Given, L. M. (2008). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Qualitative Research Methods. SAGE Publications.

Grossi, V. (2000). Peace Education: An Historical Overview (1843-1939). Peace Education Miniprints No. 101. U.S. Department of Education, Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) Doc. No.: ED445990.

Güler, E. (2014). Barışa yönelik tutumlar: Dehşet yönetimi kuramı ve bazı sosyo-politik değişkenler açısından bir inceleme, Ankara Üniversitesi Sosyal bilimler Enstitüsü, Ankara.

Haas, E. B. (1986). The United Nations and Collective Management of International Conflict. United Nations: UN Inst. Train. and Res.

Haavelsrud, M. (1974). Education for Peace: Reflection and action. IPC Science and Technology.

Hakvoort, I. (2010). The conflict pyramid: A holistic approach to structuring conflict resolution in schools. Journal of Peace Education, 7(2), 157-169.

Harding, C. G. (2010). Intention, Contradiction and the Recognition of Dilemmas. In C. G. Harding (Ed.), Moral Dilemmas and Ethical Reasoning (pp. 43-55). Transaction Publishers.

Harris, I. M. (1990). Principles of peace pedagogy. Peace and Change 15(3), 254-271.

Harris, I. M. (1996). From world peace to peace in the ‘hood’. Journal for a Just and Caring Education, 2, 378-398.

Harris, I. M. (2004). Peace Education Theory. Journal of Peace Education, 1(1), 5-20.

Harris, I. M., & Morrison, M. L. (2003). Peace Education (2nd ed.). Mcfarland & Company, Inc., Publishers.

Hermon, E. (1988). The International Peace Education Movement, 1919-1939. In C. Chatfield & P. Van der Dungen (Eds.). Peace Movements and Political Cultures (pp. 127-142). University of Tennessee Press.

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2005). Essential components of peace education, Theory into Practice 44(4), 280-292.

Johnson, D. W., & Johnson, R. T. (2006). Peace education for consensual peace: The essential role of conflict resolution, Journal of Peace Education 3(2), 147-174.

Johnson, R. B., & Onwuegbuzie, A. J. (2004). Mixed methods research: A research paradigm whose time has come. Educational Researcher, 33(7), 14-26. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X03300701

Kamaraj, I., & Kerem, A. E. (2006). Erken Çocukluk Dönemi “Barış” Değerine Evrensel Bir Bakış I. Pamukkale Üniversitesi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi, 19, 93-104.

Kant, I. (1957). Perpetual Peace. The Bobbs-Merrill Company, Inc.

Karasar, N. (1995). Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemi. Araştırma Eğitim Danışmanlık.

Kuş, E. (2003). Nicel-Nitel Araştırma Teknikleri. Anı Yayıncılık.

Lawson, M., & Hutchinson, F. (1992). Peace Education in Australia: The Legacy of the 1980s. Peace, Environment and Education, 3(1), 22-32.

Matthews, I. (2002). Helping teachers teach a conflict resolution method. In A. Verdiani (Ed.), Best Practices of Non-Violent Conflict Resolution in and out-of-school some examples (pp. 29-32). Published by the United Nations Education Science and Culture Organisation. Paris.

MEB (2018). Sosyal bilgiler öğretim programı, http://mufredat.meb.gov.tr/ProgramDetay.aspx?PID=354 adresinden 01/06/2021 tarihinde erişilmiştir.

MEB (2008). Öğretmen Yeterlikleri Öğretmenlik Mesleği Genel ve Özel Alan Yeterlikleri. Devlet Kitapları Müdürlüğü.

Merriam, S. B., & Grenier, R. S. (2019). Qualitative research in practice: Examples for discussion and analysis. Jossey-Bass Publishers.

Murakami, T. (1992). Peace education in Britain and Japan. Office of Sociology of Education, University of Education.

Öztaşkın, Ö. B. (2014). Barışa Yönelik Tutumlar ve Günümüz Dünya Sorunlarına Yönelik Tutumlar Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi. Turkish Journal of Study, 3(3).

Plano Clark, V. L., & Ivankova, N. V. (2016). Mixed methods research: A guide to the field. Sage.

Reardon, B. A. (1981). Militarism and Sexism: Influences on Education for War. UME Connexion, 9(3), 1–29.

Reardon, B. A. (1988). Educating for global responsibility: Teacher designed curricula for peace education. Teachers College Press.

Reardon, B. A. (1997a). Tolerance – The Threshold of Peace: Primary-School Resource Unit. Washington, DC: UNESCO Publishing.

Reardon, B. A. (1997b). Human Rights as Education for Peace”, In: A. George & R. Pierre Claude (Eds.), Human Rights Education for the Twenty-First Century (pp.21-35). Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

Rivera, D. (1978). A Brief Approach to the Violence of Knowledge. International Peace Research Newsletter, 16(3), 38-48.

Sağkal, A. S. (2015). Barış Eğitimi Programının Dokuzuncu Sınıf Öğrencilerinin Şiddete Yönelik Tutumları, Sosyal Problem Çözme Becerileri ve Sınıf İklimi Üzerindeki Etkisi (Yayımlanmamış Yüksek Lisans Tezi). Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, İzmir.

Shapiro, S. (2002). Toward a critical pedagogy of peace education. In G. Salomon & B. Nevo (Eds.), Peace education: The concept, principles, and practices around the world (pp. 63-71). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.

Snauwaert, D. T. (2019). Introduction: The Peace Paradigm. In D. T. Snauwaert (Ed.), Exploring Betty A. Reardon’s Perspective on Peace Education: Looking Back, Looking Forward (pp. 14-30). Springer Press.

Souza, L. Sperb T. M., & McCarty S. (2006). Brazilian Children’s Conceptions of peace, war and violence. Peace and Conflict. Journal of Peace Psychology, 12(1), 49-63.

Stomfay-Stitz, A. (1993). Peace Education in America 1828-1990. Scarecrow.

Tapan, Ç. (2006). Barış eğitimi programının öğrencilerin çatışma çözme becerileri üzerindeki etkilerinin incelenmesi [Yayımlanmamış yüksek lisans tezi]. Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi, Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.

Tashakkori, A., & Teddlie, C. (1998). Mixed methodology: Combining qualitative and quantitative approaches”, Applied Social Research Methods Series (Vol.46). Sage.

Teddlie, C., & Yu, F. (2007). Mixed Methods Sampling: A Typology with Examples. Journal of Mixed Methods Research, 1(1), 77-100.

Tocqueville, A. (1956). Democracy in America. Mentor.

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1974). Uluslararası Anlayış, İşbirliği ve Barış için Eğitim ile İnsan Hakları ve Temel Özgürlüklerle ilgili Eğitime İlişkin Tavsiye Kararı. http://www.unesco.org.tr

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (1995). Barış, İnsan Hakları ve Demokrasi Eğitimi Beyannamesi ve Entegre Hareket Çerçevesi. http://www.unesco.org.tr

United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (2005). Framework for teachers. India: New Delhi.

Von Clausewitz, C. (2008). On war. Princeton University Press.

Walker, K., Myers-Bowman, K. S., & Myers-Walls, J. A. (2003). Understanding War, Visualizing Peace: Children Draw What They Know. Art Therapy: Journal of The American Art Therapy Association, 20(4), 191- 200.

Wolcott, H. F. (1990). On seeking-and rejecting-validity in qualitative research. In E. W. Eisner & A. Peshkin (Eds.), Qualitative inquiry in education: The continuing debate (pp. 121-152). Teachers College Press.

Wulf, C. (1974). Handbook of Peace Education. Frankfurt: International Peace Research Association.

Wulf, C. (2013). Human Development in a Globalized World. Education towards Peace, Cultural Diversity and Sustainable Development. Revista Española de Pedagogía, 71(254), 71-86.

Yemenici, A. (2008). A peace education model: Cellular, peace. Proceedings for WCCI, 13th Word conference in education on Creating a Global Culture of Peace: Strategies for Curriculum.

Yemenici, A. (2016). Peace Education: Training for an Evolved Consciousness of Non-violence. All Azimuth, 5(1), 5-25.

Yıldırım, A., & Şimşek, H. (2011). Sosyal Bilimlerde Nitel Araştırma Yöntemleri (8. Basım). Seçkin Yayınları.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.12n.2p.172

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Bookmark and Share


License URL: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

2013-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies  

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.