On Situating the Stance of Practice in SLA

Parviz Maftoon, Nima Shakouri, Ogholgol Nazari

Abstract


The study of skill acquisition, as DeKeyser (1997) declares, is an important area within cognitive psychology. What is undeniable in skill acquisition is the fact that through extensive practice, the degree of attention on a task decreases and the task is performed without stopping; furthermore, the rate of error considerably decreases. The paper, in an attempt to work on situating the concept of practice in skill acquisition, goes on to hold that since each context has its own specific encoding cues, and that the skill achieved in that specific context is too specific to be transferred to other contexts, the degree of automaticity in employing the skill in that context is plausibly more than the other contexts.

  


Keywords


Skill specificity, Practice, Automaticity, Fluency, Interface

Full Text:

PDF

References


Alexander, P. A. (1996). The past, present, and future of knowledge research: A reexamination of the role of knowledge in learning and instruction. Educational psychologists, 31, 89-92. Doi:101080/ 2F00 461520.1996.10524941

Anderson, J. R. (1985). Cognitive psychology and its implications. New York: Freeman.

Bates, E., & MacWhinney, B. (1989). Functionalism and the competition model. In B. MacWhinney & E. Bates (Eds.), The crosslinguistic study of sentence processing (pp. 3-73). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Binder, C., Haughton, E., & Bateman, B. (2002). Fluency: Achieving true mastery in the learning process. Retrieved in 2012, from http://www.fluency.org/Binder_Haughton_Bateman.pdf

Byun, J. S. (2007). Processing instruction and skill-specificity: In which direction should they go? The Linguistic Association of Korea Journal, 15(1), 15-35.

Chomsky, N. (1957). Syntactic structures. Paris: Mouton.

Cohen, J. D., Servan-Schreiber, D., & McClelland, J. L. (1992). A parallel distributed processing approach to automaticity. American Journal of Psychology, 105(20), 239-269.

de Jong, C. A. M. (2005). Learning second language learning by listening (Unpublished doctoral thesis). Amsterdam University, Amsterdam.

DeKeyser, R. M. (1997). Beyond explicit rule learning: Automatizing second language morphosyntax. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 19, 195-222.

DeKeyser, R. M. (2001). Automaticity and automatization. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language

instruction (pp. 125-51). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

DeKeyser, R. M. (2007a). Skill acquisition theory. In B. VanPatten & J. Williams (Eds.), Theories in second language acquisition (pp. 97-113). London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates

DeKeyser, R. M. (2007b). Introduction: Situating the concept of practice. In R. M. DeKeyser (Ed.), Practice in a second language: Perspectives from applied linguistics and cognitive psychology (pp. 1-18). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Ellis, N. C. (2006). Selective attention and transfer phenomena in SLA: Contingency, cue competition, salience, interference, overshadowing, blocking, and perceptual learning. Applied Linguistics, 27, 1-31.

Ellis, N. C., & Bogart, S. H. (2007). Speech and language technology in education: The perspective from SLA research and practice. Speech and Language Technology in Education. Retrieved in 2012, from http://www.isca-speech.org/archive

Fitts, P. M., & Posner, M. I. (1967). Learning and skilled performance in human performance. Belmont: Brock-Cole.

Fodor, J. A. (1983). The modularity of mind: An essay on faculty psychology. Cambridge: MIT Press.

Hattem, D. (2011). The practice of microblogging. Journal of Second Language Teaching and Research, 1 (2), 38-70.

Hudson, R. F., Pullen, P. C., Lane, H. B., & Torgesen, J. K. (2009). The complex nature of reading fluency: A multidimensional view. Reading & Writing Quarterly, 25, 4-32. Doi: 10.1080/10573560802491208

Hulstijn, J. (2001). Intentional and incidental second language vocabulary learning: A reappraisal of elaboration, rehearsal and automaticity. In P. Robinson (Ed.), Cognition and second language instruction (pp. 258-86). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Kahneman, D. (1973). Attention and effort. New York: Prentice-Hall.

Krashen, S. D. (1985). Second language acquisition and second language learning. Oxford: Pergamon.

LaBerge, D., & Samuels, S. J. (1974). Toward a theory of automatic information processing in reading. Cognitive Psychologist, 6, 293-323.

Logan, G. (1992). Shapes of reaction-time distributions and shapes of learning curves: A test of the instance theory of automaticity. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 18 (5), 883-914.

Mirahmadi, H., Jalilzadeh, K., & Nosratzadeh, H. (2011). Skill acquisition Theory in second language acquisition: A focus on productive skills. International Comference on Languages, Literature and Linguistics (pp. 197-201). Singapore: IACSIT Press.

Mitchell, R., & Myles, F. (2004). Second language theories. London: Hodder Arnold.

Murre, J. M. J., & Chessa, A. G. (2011). Power laws from individual differences in learning and forgetting: Mathematical analysis. Psychology Bulletin & Review, 18 (3), 592-597. Doi: 10.3758/s13423-011-0076-y

Mystkowska-Wierelak, A., & Pawlak, M. (2012). Production-oriented and comprehension-based grammar teaching in the foreign language classroom. London: Springer.

Newell, A. ( 1990). Unified theories of cognition. Cambridge, M.A.: Harvard University Press.

Posner, M.I. , & Boies, S. J. ( 1978). Components of attention. Psychological reviews, 78, 391-408.

Schunk, D. H. (2012). Learning theories: An educational perspective. Boston: Pearson Education Inc.

Schwartz, B.D. (1986). The epistemological status of second language acquisition. Second Language Research, 2, 120-59.

Schwartz, B. D. (1993). On explicit and negative data effecting and affecting competence and linguistic behavior. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15 (2), 147-163.

Swain, M. (1985). Communicative competence: Some roles of comprehensible input and comprehensible output in its development. In S. M. Gass & C. Madden (Eds.), Input in second language acquisition (pp. 235–253). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

Truscott, J., & Sharwood-Smith, M. (2004). Acquisition by processing: A modular perspective on language development.Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 7 (1), 1-20.

VanPatten, B., & Cadierno, T. (1993). Explicit instruction and input processing. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 15, 225-243.

Westwood, P. (2004). Learning and learning difficulties: A handbook for teachers. Hong Kong: ACER Press.

Woolfolk, A. E., Winne, P. H., & Perry, N. E., (2002). Educational psychology. Toronto: Pearson Education.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijalel.v.2n.2p.71

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2012-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD

International Journal of Applied Linguistics and English Literature

To make sure that you can receive messages from us, please add the journal emails into your e-mail 'safe list'. If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox', check your 'bulk mail' or 'junk mail' folders.