An Analysis of Use of conditional Sentences by Arab Students of English

Sadam Haza' Al Rdaat, Sheena Gardner

Abstract


Conditional sentences are made of two clauses namely “if-clause” and “main clause”. Conditionals have been noted by scholars and grammarians as a difficult area of English for both teachers and learners. The two clauses of conditional sentences and their form, tense and meaning could be considered the main difficulty of conditional sentences. In addition, some of non-native speakers do not have sufficient knowledge of the differences between conditional sentences in the two languages and they tried to solve their problems in their second language by using their native language. The aim of this study was to analyse the use of conditional sentences by Arab students of English in semantic and syntactic situations. For the purpose of this study, 20 Arab students took part in the questionnaire, they were all studying different subjects and degrees (bachelor, master and PhD) at Coventry University. The results showed that the use of type three conditionals and modality can be classified as the most difficult issues that students struggle to understand and use. 

 


Keywords


conditional sentences, protasis and apodosis, mood, real and unreal clauses, tense-time

Full Text:

PDF

References


Abdollahi-Guilani, M, Yasin, M. and Tan, H, 2012. “A Comparative analysis of conditional clauses in english and persian: text analysis”. 3L; Language, Linguistics and Literature, The Southeast Asian Journal of English Language Studies, 18(2), pp.83-93.

Beck, S. (1997) “On the Semantics of Comparative Conditionals”. Linguistics and Philosophy, 20, 229-271.

Bloom, L. Lahey, M. Hood, L. Lifer, K. and Fiess, K. (1980) “Complex sentences: Acquisition of syntactic connectives and the meaning relations they encode”. Journal of Child Language, 7, 235-261.

Celce-Murcia, M., & Larsen-Freeman, D. (1999) The grammar book: An ESL/EFL teacher’s course. New York: Heinle, Cengage learning.

Comrie, B. (1986) “Conditionals: A typology”. In E. C. Traugott, A., Meulen, J. S. Reilly and C. A. Ferguson (Eds.), on conditionals, (p 94). Cambridge: Cambridge University. P. 94

Covitt, R. (1976) “Some problematic grammar areas for ESL teachers”. Unpublished doctoral thesis in TESOL, UCLA.

Cowan, R. (2008) The Teacher's Grammar of English with Answers: A Course Book and Reference Guide. Cambridge University Press.

Cuvalay, M. (1996) “A Classification of Conditional Satellites”. In Devriendt, Goossens and Auwera. Berlin: Library of congress Catalonging in Publication. P.149-176.

Dancygier, B. (1998) Conditionals and Predictions: Time, Knowledge, and Causation in Conditional Constructions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

Declerck, R. and Reed, S. (2001) Conditional: A Comprehensive Empirical Analysis. Berlin. New York: Mouton de Gruyter.

Dik, S. (1990) “On the semantics of conditionals” , in J. Nuyts, A. M. Bolkenstein& C. Vet (ed), Layers and levels of representation in language theory, Amsterdam, Benjamins, p. 233-261.

Eastwood, J. (1994) Oxford Guide to English Grammar. Oxford University Press.

Elliott, W. (2006) “Conditional sentences in the New Testament”. Doctoral dissertation, Gordon College.

Farah, Sh. (2006) “the Acquisition of conditional sentences by Arab Learners of English”. Studies in contrastive linguistics proceedings of the international. pp: 253-254.

Fintel, K. (2009) Conditionals. Cambridge University Press.

Fintel, K. (1997) "Bare Plurals, Bare Conditionals, and Only". Journal of Semantics, 14(1), 1-56

Geis, L. and Zwicky, M. (1971) “On invited inferences”. Linguistic inquiry 2, pp.561-566.

Khalil, A. (2010) A Contrastive Grammar of English & Arabic. Jordan Book Centre.

Katu'za, J. (1986) “A New Look At Conditional Sentences in English”. ELT J, 40(1), 59-60

Kumakiri, T. (2013) Epistemic Modality and Conditional Sentence: On the Presentative Particle of an Arabic Dialect of Tunis (Tunisia).

Liu, H. (2011) “Second Language Acquisition of If-conditionals in English”. MA Thesis. National Taiwan Normal University.

Mace, J. (1998) Arabic grammar: a reference guide. Edinburgh University Press.

Norris, R. W. 2003 "How Do We Overcome the Difficulties of Teaching Conditionals?" Bulletin of Fukuoka International University. P: 39-50

Nekoueizadeh, M. and Bahrani, T. (2013) “The Effect of Conversational Shadowing on Teaching and Learning Conditional Sentences”. International Journal for Applied Linguistics. 253‐267

Polańska, I. (2006) Expressing Condition in English and Polish. Kraków.

Ramírez, T. (2005) “A Grammaticality Judgement Test for the Past Hypothetical / Counterfactual Conditional in English”. RAEL: revistaelectrónica de lingüísticaaplicada, (4), pp.192-230.

O’Grady, W. (1997) “Syntactic development”. Chicago Press.

Ryding, K. (2005) A Reference Grammar of Modern Standard Arabic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Sultan, J. (2011) “The Translation of English Conditional Clauses into Arabic: A Pedagogical Perspective”. Journal of the College of Arts. University of Basrah, (59).

Sweet, H. (1991) A New English Grammar: Logical and Historical. Part I. Oxford.

Mace, J. (1998) Arabic grammar: a reference guide. Edinburgh University Press.

Teschner, V. and. Evans E. (2007) Analysing the Grammar of English. Washington, D.C. Georgetown University Press

Traugott, E., Meulen, A., Reilly, J. and Ferguson, C. (1986) On conditionals. Cambridge: Cambridge University.

Wu, M. (2012) “The Probability Approach to English If-conditional Sentences”. English Language Teaching, 5(5), p37-38.

Young, R. (1989) “A Classification of Conditional Sentences Based on Speech Act Theory”. Grace Eological Journal.

Yule, G. (1998) Explaining English Grammar. Oxford: Oxford University Press, Print.

Zhang, B. (2005) A Study of the Acquisition of English If-conditional Sentences by Chinese Learners. MA Thesis. PLA University. http://www.dissertationtopic.net/doc/899452




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.8n.2p.1

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2010-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

Advances in Language and Literary Studies

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.