Development of Police Terminology in Albanian Language in Kosovo and Albania

In this paper chronologically are presented several periods of development of police terminology in Kosovo and Albania. Below are some of the topics which will be elaborated: Development of police terminology in Albania; Development of police terminology in Kosovo; Word formation of police terminology in Albanian language; Influence of foreign languages (Serbo-Croatian, Italian and English). Police terminology in Albania differs based on time period and historic developments, two World Wars from 1913 until 1945, with main influence from Italian language police terminology. Influence by Russian language is present during the communist time in Albania from 1945 until 1990 when the Italian influence returns again and it also starts influence by English language with the establishment of democratic pluralist system. In Kosovo, as a result of historic developments, development of police terminology was mainly influenced by Yugoslav system of government, Serbo-Croatian language, which was the dominant language in use in comparison to other languages in ex-Yugoslavia: Slovenian, Macedonian, Albanian and Hungarian. Whereas, after declaration of Kosovo independence in 2008 the dominant influential language in police terminology in Albanian language has been English after 10 years (1999-2008) during which Kosovo Police was led by United Nations Mission (UNMIK) and the police force in Kosovo was called UNMIK Police.


INTRODUCTION
Police terminology in Albanian language in Albania was influenced mainly by Italian (1912Italian ( -1945) ) and Russian (1945Russian ( -1990)), but also English (1990English ( -2018)).13 January 1913 is the date when Albanian public order force (Alb.forcat e rendit) or gendarmerie (Alb.xhandarmëria) -police was stablished.Terminology used in the police force of Albania differs throughout time and historical events, including two World Wars: Milicia -Police 1 , Xhandarmëria -Gendarmerie, Kavaleria -Calvary, aspirantë dhe xhandarë -aspirants and gendarmes, Arma e Gjindarmërisë Mbretnore -Royal Gendarmerie Army, inspektor i përgjithshëm -General Inspector, komisari i policisë -Police Commissioner, gjindarmëria shëtitëse -Walking Gendarmerie, gjindarmëria qytetëse -City Gendarmerie, karabinieri -Carabineer, agjenti i sigurimit -Security Agent, komanda qarqesh -Regional Command, komanda rrethesh County Command, etc.All these police terms of Albanian State Police are found between 1913 and 1944, when the Second World War ended.In these police terms it is noticeable influence by Italian system, with terms like: Kavaleria, Karabinieria, nënkuestori, aspirant, etc.In time period  Albania was governed by Communist system and police terms and notions in that time was based on east ideological system -with influence by Russian language, like: Policia Popullore -People's Police, Drejtoria e Mbrojtjes së Popullit -Directorate for Protection of People, ndjekja e kundërshtarëve politikë -prosecution of political opponents, organ informative -informative agency, parimet marksiste-leniniste -Marxism-Leninism principles, etc.In Albania there was a change in police terminology when the communist system collapsed in 1990 and onwards.Some of the terms, which are quite different from those used in Kosovo police, are as following: Policia e rendit -Order Police, Policia e Shtetit -State Police, policimi në komunitet -Community Policing, menaxhimi i integruar i kufirit -Integrated Border Management, komesariati i policisë -Police Commissariat, policia rrugore -Traffic Police, komisar -Commissioner, kryekomisar -Chief Commissioner, drejtues -Manager, drejtues i lartë -Senior Manager, drejtues madhor -Head Manager, etc.In Kosovo there were other historic circumstances since Albania was divided by the "Great Powers" in London Conference in 1913 and then occupied and administered by ex-Yugoslavia and Serbia until 1999.In June 1999, Kosovo was liberated by Serbian occupation and Milosevic regime after the war by KLA and NATO air strikes on Serbia and ex-Yugoslavia.In regards to the development of police terminology in Albanian language in Kosovo, in 1974 some rights were gained from ex-Yugoslavia and Kosovo was granted autonomy with majority Albanian population in its territory and Pristina as its capital city (1974)(1975)(1976)(1977)(1978)(1979)(1980)(1981)(1982)(1983)(1984)(1985)(1986)(1987)(1988)(1989)(1990).In 1990, Serbian regime led by Milosevic entirely conquered Kosovo and kept it under control until 1999.During the time of the Autonomy of Kosovo, police terminology was directly influenced by Serbo-Croatian (1970-1999) and English (1999English ( -2018)).It shall be stated that in time period 1970-1990 a great influence was by the ideological and political system, with some words in use like: milicia -Police, milicioner -Policemen, organi i punëve të brendshme -Agency of Internal Affairs.

Aim and Goals of this Research
The aim of this research is to have a study start point on the topic of development of police terminology in Albanian language in Kosovo and Albania, since until now there have not been performed any studies in this area.Furthermore, if we consider regional and world police terminology developments, there have been performed many studies in this aspect and even police dictionaries have been published (in Serbian, Italian, English, German, French, etc.), which is not the case in Albanian language.Therefore, goals of this research, besides presenting the differences in terminology between two countries who use the same official language, are to start with studies and researches in this field, which would be finalized with publication of the first police dictionary in Albanian language in Kosovo and Albania.

DEVELOPMENT OF POLICE TERMINOLOGY IN KOSOVO AND ALBANIA
In this chapter we will present development of police terminology in Albanian language in both countries, Kosovo and Albania.In this aspect there is given a short summary of historic developments and also different factors which influenced police terminology throughout years.

Development of Police Terminology in Albania
Start of police activity in Albania occurred at the end of XVIII century and beginning of XIX century.In this time period in the Janina Pashalluk and Bushati Pashaluk in Shkoder, for the first time were created police and gendarmerie.In Janina Pashaluk, Ali Pashe Tepelena organized a centralized police force and created some police services like, public order police, prisons police, ports police, etc. Shkodra Pash-aluk (1757-1796) is mentioned for "stabilization of public peace and order, where there are distinguished police forces and gendarmerie against piracy (Haziri F. 2010: 39).Police activity and establishment of Public Order Forces (Forcat e Rendit) was realized after Declaration of Independence of Albania (1912).State building of Albania was challenged by many factors, taking into consideration occupation of Albanian territories by its neighbours and consequences following two World Wars, during which the occupying forces left traces and directly influenced organization of Public Order Forces -Albanian Police Force.In the following part we will mention some important dates in efforts for organizing police activities in territories inhabited by Albanians from declaration of independence and onwards, from which it can be concluded that there are varieties of lexical expressions influenced mainly by the neighbours and occupiers of Albanian territories (taken from https://www.

Development of Police Terminology in Kosovo
Terminology is a scientific discipline within the lexis, which deals with the study and formation of specialized terms.Terminology is not a new field of study, but it was systematically studied only in the last decades, taking into consideration study principles, basis and methodology.Importance of this field of knowledge is very well-known locally but also internationally.Terminology, as we understand it today, started to be created in 1930s and in the last years it moved from non-professionalism to a very scientific approach (Cabre, 1999)

Ideological and political influence on police terminology during 1970-s and 1980-s
Based on World Encyclopedia of Police Forces and Correctional Systems (Kurian, 2007) na).Underlined words in the oath text of Policemen have ideological content of the political system of that time.From 1990 until 1999 Kosovo was occupied entirely by Serbia and all Albanian police officers were dismissed, some of them murdered, some imprisoned whereas some emigrated abroad.During this time Serbian language was the only official language and there was total rule of Milosevic regime.

Development of police lexicon in albanian language in kosovo during 1999-2008
From the establishment of Kosovo Police Service, led and supervised by UNMIK police until declaration of Independence of Kosovo in 2008, there was a lack of legal infrastructure of local institutions.Therefore, all internal police regulations and procedures were compiled and approved by the international police Commissioner and summarized in so-called KPS Handbook, which served for functionalization of all Kosovo Police Service and it was the only document in use for performing police activities.In KPS Handbook (KPS -Kosovo Police Service Handbook, 2007, by OSCE in Pristina), published in three languages: English, Albanian and Serbian, we find police terminology like: zbatimi i ligjit -implementation of law, ruajtja e rendit të shoqërisë -preserving order of the society, respektimi i të drejtave themelore të çdo individi -respecting fundamental human rights, parandalimi dhe reduktimi i kriminalitetit -preventing and reducing crime, hetimi -investigation, zbulimi dhe zënia e kryesve të veprave penale dhe të kundërvajtësve -investigation and arresting perpetrators and offender, ofrimi i ndihmës dhe të qenit në shërbim të popullit pa diskriminim -offering assistance and serving the people without discrimination, parandalimi i korrupsionit -prevention of corruption, intervenimi policor -police intervention, udhëheqja policore -police leadership, mbajtja në paraburgim nga policia -holding in detention by police, shërbim policor demokratik -democratic police service, etc.

Development of police terminology in albanian language in kosovo during 2008-2017
In 2008 Law on Kosovo Police entered into force and there was transition from KPS (Kosovo Police Service) to Kosovo Police.In 2012 the new Law on Police and Administrative Instructions entered into force and it regulated the police scope.In regards to the police lexicon used in these documents, there are no major differences from the period of UNMIK administration.Please find some of police terms of this period: Zyrtar policor -Police Officer, Drejtor i Përgjithshëm i Policisë -Director General of Police, hetues -Investigator, autorizimet policore -police authorizations, komiteti për siguri -committee for security, mbrojta e jetës dhe pronës të të gjithë personave -protection of life and property of all person, parandalimi -prevention, hetimi dhe zbulimi i veprave penale -investigation and solving criminal offences, kontrolli i komunikacionit -traffic control, kontrolli i kufijve shtetërorë -control of national borders, etc.
The influence of English language in police terminology in Albanian language is based on modern policing, which means that policing has changed its way of actions, technology and analytical methods, by expanding the scope of police activities.In the Encyclopaedia of Police Sciences (Green, 2007), we find the following expressions of police terminology: expansion of role of police, policing in the era of information, police and legitimacy, policing scope from the street viewpoint to the global one, policing as a practice,

INFLUENCE OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES (ITALIAN, SERBIAN AND ENGLISH) IN POLICE TERMINOLOGY IN ALBANIAN LANGUAGE
During historic development of police lexicon in Albanian language it is evident that there have been influences by foreign languages, from which the most influential were: Serbian or Serbo-Croatian in Kosovo in period 1970-1999; English in Kosovo in period 1999-2018, which has dominant role in all fields in Kosovo, including security.In Albania the most influential foreign language in time period 1920-1944 was Italian, until the end of World War II.After 1945 the most dominant language in Albania was Russian, whereas later on English and Italian.From 1990 after the collapse of communist system and start of political pluralism in Albania, Italian regained its dominant influential role, with parallel but smaller influence by English.Influence of English language increased mainly in last two decades during which period many words with English origin started to be used without any control because of global integration processes.This was proved by author of military dictionaries in Albanian language Çipuri (2005: 250-263).Çipuri H. claims that loaning of English words in military terms, especially in the time of influence by NATO, was done improperly, with tendency of increasing English loan words, like for example: brifing-briefing, lidership-leadership, lider-leader, kamping-camping, menaxhim-managing, menaxher-manager, staf-staff, implementoj-implement, task force-task force, etc. (Çipuri 2005: 255).

Influence of English Language in Police Terminology in Albanian Language in Kosovo
In Kosovo, the main factor of influence of English language was UNMIK which used English as the official language in use together with Albanian and Serbian during time period 1999-2008.Except UNMIK, during this time period there were also operating other international military and civilian mission, "which were always using English as "lingua fran-ca…" (Munishi 2015: 47).According to V. Nuhiu "the process of adjustment during the first and second phase usually does not last long, because as soon as a foreign word enters in a new language, the adjustment phase starts and continues until full integration or assimilation" (Nuhiu 2013: 91).The author Nuhiu, has continuously studied influence of English language in Albanian language in Kosovo from 1990s and onwards, and especially from 1999, when English baceme official language of administration, until 2008 when Kosovo declared its independence.Some obvious police terms which derive from English are as following: policimi në komunitet -community policing, performance -performance, konfidencialitet -confidentiality, proporcionalitetproportionality, asistencë -assistance, akses -access, menaxhim -management, etc.There are also examples of loan words with word per words translation from English, like: police officer -zyrtar policor, local police stacion -stacionet policore lokale; civilian staff -stafi civil, etc.There are also loan words which are adjusted to Albanian language through word endings (suffixes), like: supplementary -suplementar, proportionality -proporcionaliteti, performance -performancë/a, implement -implementim, menagement -menaxhim, etc.There are also cases of direct loan words, like: acess -akses, relevant -relevant, etc. (Haziri Sh. 2015).

Influence of Serbian Language in Police Terminology in Albanian Language in Kosovo
Influence of Serbian language in police terminology in Albanian language in Kosovo was dominant during the time period 1970 -1999.This influence was great especially during time period 1970-1990, when Albanian language was used in police activities in Kosovo since there were a lot of police officers of Albanian ethnicity and Kosovo had the sta-tus of autonomy .From 1990 the autonomy was abolished and Kosovo was taken over by Milosevic regime, which lasted until June 12, 1999, when Kosovo was liberated.In regards to influence of Serbian language in Albanian language, there are some studies by Kosovo Albanologists who have studied this issue: I. Bajçinca (2016), Q. Murati (2016), andM. Blaku (2010).I. Bajçinca specifies some influence of Serbian language: "The first issue is the terminology used in legal texts.Terms used in laws, according to my opinion, are translations from Serbian language and there are a lot of terms which are new words used for the first time and they do not fit to the nature of Albanian language.In this context I will give an example of word kryes -offender of a crime, instead of autor -author, a word which is used in other fields as well" (Bajçinca 2016: 293).Murati gives examples of Slavic influence, among those also Serbian, Macedonian, etc., like: "në lojën ftohtë-nxehtë"from Slavic "toplo-hladno"; (in Albanian it is common expression ngrirë-shkrirë -frozen-melted); "fiton në peshë" -Slavic "dobija vo tezina", etc. (Murati 2016: 487-494).Ismajli (1998Ismajli ( , 2017) ) has also studied influences of Serbian or Serbo-Croatian language in Albanian language.During the above-mentioned period police lexicon in Kosovo was influenced mainly by Serbian language, since all documents of police scope were translated from ex Serbo-Croatian language, as a language with prestige not only in Ex-Yugoslavia but even further.These are some examples of loan translations of police ranks during time period 1976-1991: mladi inspektor -inspektor i ri, mladi milicionar -milicioner i ri, milicionar prve klase -milicioner i klasës së parë, stari milicionar -milicioner i vjetër, visi milicionar -milicioner i lartë, visi inspektor -inspektor i lartë, glavni inspektor -inspektor kryesor, etc. (Bogdanoviq 2002).There was influence by Serbian language in Albanian language also in names of positions in police (called milicia at that time), like: načelnik služba javne sigurnosti -kryeshef i shërbimit të sigurimit publik; komandir stanica milicije -komandant i stacionit të policisë; sektor za krim -sektori i krimeve; jedinica za posebne sadatke -njësia me detyra të veçanta, etc (Zmijarevic 2007).Some terms like: komandant i stacionit, sektor policor, njësi policore, are still in use in the organizational structure of Kosovo Police.

Influence of English language in Police Terminology in Albania
In Albania, influence of English has been increasing lately, taking into consideration European integrations as well as the fact that Albania has joined NATO alliance.English language has become the dominant language when it comes to the field of security and the State Police of Albania.In the last two decades Albanian police force has been cooperating with international partners like: PAMECA mission, ICITAP, OSCE, etc., with which communication is performed in English.Some of the terms and notions that can easily be noticed and which are directly influenced by English, are as following: investigim -investigation; implementim -implementation; vetingu -vetting; efekt -effect, etc. Munishi (2015: 30), mentions the fact that Albanian language has entered in the glo-balisation era and it is loaning words from different social fields, including economic ones, as well as words related to internet and information technology, which are used more frequently in the last years: "menaxhment -management, qëndrueshmëri fiskale -fiscal stability, auditim -auditing, ndërtim i kapaciteteve -building capacities, etc." Munishi, righteously distinguishes difference between Kosovo and Albania when it comes to direct influence of English language.In Kosovo there are more international missions in different fields like: military, security, judiciary, economy and other fields, which continue to be effective even after declaration of independence in 2008.On the other side, in Albania, influence of English language comes mainly from the process of increasing capacities in the field of legislation and European integrations, since those laws are initially compiled in English and afterwards translated into Albanian, and in this process many terms from English are used and adapted from English as a dominant language (Munishi 2015: 49).

Influence of Italian Language in Police Terminology in Albania
Influence of Italian language in police lexicon in Albania is found since the time of Vlora government after the declaration of independence of Albania in 1912.In that time National Guard was called "Kavaleri" (Italian: Cavaleri).In the time of monarchy of Ahmet Zogu in Albania there were in use police terms with direct influence from Italian, like: karabinieri, nekuestori (ttps://www.asp.gov.al-Historik i shkurtër i Policisë së shtetit shqiptar -Short History of Albanian Police, accessed in Ferbruary 2017).During time period 1945 -1990 the influence of Italian language was lower because at that time there was in force dictatorial communist system of Enver Hoxha and the most influential language at this time was Russian.After 1990, Italian regained the role of the most influential language together with English in all areas of society in Albania.Even the name of the police force "Policia e Shtetit" -State Police was loaned directly from Italian language Polizia di Stato (taken from https://pt.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%ADcia_do_Estado_ (It%C3%A1lia: accessed on 09.05.2018).This can be proved by visiting the official website of Italian Police: http://www.poliziadistato.it(accessed in 10. 05.2018).In this website it can also be seen the Italian term Commissariati -Alb.Komisariat, with meaning police station, which is a direct loan from Italian.

CONCLUSIONS
In general, police terminology in Albania has changed during different time periods of its administration, influenced by the invaders.After declaration of independence in 1912, Albanian Government was focused in establishment of police force and gendarmerie based on European countries, and especially on the example of Italian police force, Kavaleria -Cavaleria.In the time of monarchy of King Ahmet Zogu there was also a great influence by European terminology, especially Italian, since all police ranks and positions were influenced by Italian: karabinieria, nënkuestori, kuestori, etc.In the period of communist Albania, police terminolo-gy was influenced by the east system -Russian, but in the beginning of 90-s, with the fall of communist system, Italian influence returned and it is still the most influential language, with example of the name of Albanian police force which is called Policia e Shtetit based on Italian influence Polizia di Stato.
In comparison to Albania, Kosovo was a different case since it was occupied and governed by Serbian and Yugoslav system from 1912 until 1999.In time period 1974 -1990 Kosovo had its autonomy within ex-Yugoslavia, during which time there was in use police terminology in Albanian language, influenced directly from Serbo-Croatian, which was a dominant language during that time period.Some of the police terms in Albanian language used in that time period are as following: milicia, organi i punëve të brendshme, sigurimi shtetëror, sigurimi publik, milicioner, inspektor, kryeinspektor, inspektor i lartë, etc.After liberation of Kosovo in 1999, there was influence of European and American system of government with UNMIK as the administrator of Kosovo from 1999 until 2008 when Kosovo declared its independence.Police terminology in Kosovo is not so much different nowadays in comparison to UNMIK time, since even now in police there are present military ranks like: rreshter -sergeant, toger -lieutenant, kapiten -captain, major -major, nënkolonel -lt.colonel and colonel -colonel, which are in general influenced by American police system.
Influence of English in Kosovo during the time period 1999-2017 was dominant in all spheres of society in Kosovo and especially in Kosovo Police.We may distinguish influences through word per word translation of terms, like: police officer -zyrtar policor, local police station -stacionet policore lokale; civilian staff -stafi civil, etc.Also it is very widespread loaning of the words and their adaption to Albanian language using word endings, as for example: supplementary -suplementar proportionality -proporcionaliteti, performance -performancë/a, implement -implementim; menagement -menaxhim, etc.In the State Police of Albania some of the words which are easily noticeable and influenced directly from English are as following: investigation -investigim, implementation -implementim, vetting -vetingu, effect -efekt, etc. Influence of Italian language in police lexicon in Albania has very early roots because of relationships between two nations for centuries.We can distinguish several police terms loaned directly from Italian language: Cavaleria (Cavalry) during the time of Vlora Government in 1913.Arma e Karabinierisë, nënkuestori, aspirant, etc., in the time of monarchy of Ahmet Zogu in Albania.In modern times we distinguish some terms like: Komesariat (Commesariati) and Policia e Shtetit from it.Polizia di Stado; nomination of the ranks based on the Italian system: komesar, drejtues, etc.
To conclude with, this paper has achieved its aim, since it poses a starting point on this field of linguistics which has not been studied before in Kosovo or Albania.Whereas, full achievement of goals will be done with the compilation of Police Dictionary of Words and Expressions in Police Organizations in Kosovo and Albania which will be realized in the upcoming period.

END NOTE
1. Exammples in this paper are presented in that way that first word is in Albanian language (in Kosovo or Albania) whereas after hyphen (-) there is its meaning in English.