Morphosyntax Analysis of Acehnese Clitic

The discussion of clitic in the Acehnese, to date, has not been conducted deeply by many researchers. So far the points which are close to this topic is found in the sub-section of dissertations (e.g.Asyik, 1987; Djunaidi, 1996) and thesis (e.g. Djunaidi, 1992; Iqbal, 2011). Even in the book of the Acehnese Language Rule written by Wildan (2010), there is no discussion about the clitic because he considers that clitic is similar to affix. This fact encourages us to conduct a research on the Acehnese clitic because this language is used by more than three million people in Aceh Province, Indonesia. The clitic in Acehnese is a summary of personal pronoun which is divided into two types, namely proclitic and enclitic. Proclitic is a concise form of first, second and third pronouns which are attached in front of a word, whereas the enclitic is a concise form of first, second and third pronouns which are attached at the end of a word. The two forms can be arranged not only to a basic word, but also to a word that has been given an affix. Proclitic and enclitic are different from affix. Affix has no relationship with another form, whereas proclitic or enclitic has a relationship with another form, that is with personal pronoun. In Acehnese, there is a matching system between agents and verbs or adjectives. This term of conformity is named as agreement system by Asyik (1987) or clocalization by Durie (1985). For example gob nyan or ‘he/she’ is summed up as geuand geutanyoe or ‘we’ which are shortened into ta-. This form should actually not be treated equally with affixes because it acts as a personal pronoun. However, this form is treated as an affix as well, where the writing is supplemented with the basic word. Clitic is a difficult form to be identified and classified. Halpern (in Spencer and Zwicky, 2001, p. 101) suggests that to distinguish free words or phrases from affixes is very clear; however, many languages have various formative that are difficult to classify and to categorize. The formative is named as clitic. Zwicky (Katamba, 1993) states that almost all languages have a morpheme that is difficult to analyze because it does not show clear limits whether it is included into the category of words or affixes. Morpheme that is difficult to categorize is called clitic. This phenomenon makes it difficult for linguists to provide an adequate definition of clitic. Even ABSTRACT


INTRODUCTION
The discussion of clitic in the Acehnese, to date, has not been conducted deeply by many researchers. So far the points which are close to this topic is found in the sub-section of dissertations (e.g. Asyik, 1987;Djunaidi, 1996) and thesis (e.g. Djunaidi, 1992;Iqbal, 2011). Even in the book of the Acehnese Language Rule written by Wildan (2010), there is no discussion about the clitic because he considers that clitic is similar to affix. This fact encourages us to conduct a research on the Acehnese clitic because this language is used by more than three million people in Aceh Province, Indonesia.
The clitic in Acehnese is a summary of personal pronoun which is divided into two types, namely proclitic and enclitic. Proclitic is a concise form of first, second and third pronouns which are attached in front of a word, whereas the enclitic is a concise form of first, second and third pronouns which are attached at the end of a word. The two forms can be arranged not only to a basic word, but also to a word that has been given an affix.
Proclitic and enclitic are different from affix. Affix has no relationship with another form, whereas proclitic or enclitic has a relationship with another form, that is with personal pronoun. In Acehnese, there is a matching system between agents and verbs or adjectives. This term of conformity is named as agreement system by Asyik (1987) or clocalization by Durie (1985). For example gob nyan or 'he/she' is summed up as geu-and geutanyoe or 'we' which are shortened into ta-. This form should actually not be treated equally with affixes because it acts as a personal pronoun. However, this form is treated as an affix as well, where the writing is supplemented with the basic word.
Clitic is a difficult form to be identified and classified. Halpern (in Spencer and Zwicky, 2001, p. 101) suggests that to distinguish free words or phrases from affixes is very clear; however, many languages have various formative that are difficult to classify and to categorize. The formative is named as clitic.
Zwicky (Katamba, 1993) states that almost all languages have a morpheme that is difficult to analyze because it does not show clear limits whether it is included into the category of words or affixes. Morpheme that is difficult to categorize is called clitic. This phenomenon makes it difficult for linguists to provide an adequate definition of clitic. Even Hudson (2007, p. 2) says that clitic is a challenge in grammatical architecture because of the behavior of language that is in between word boundaries and morphemes and between syntax and morphology. Marantz (1988) says that clitic is a unit of words for syntax and a morpheme for morphology and phonology. Djunaidi (1992) argues that the use of clitic in the Acehnese is not only used in personal pronouns, however, it is also used to refer to a noun or a noun phrase of animals, plants or other nouns that are not animated. Clitic in the Acehnese also potentially describes the agent which has control over the events stated in the predicate.
One of the uniqueness of the Acehnese is to have a fairly complex pronoun system. In addition, the use of the Acehnese pronomina is identical with the content of morality (politeness/friendship). This is because the Acehnese pronouns recognize the level of decency. For example, the second single pronoun droeneuh 'you' is more polite than gata 'you', let alone from kah 'you' which is considered rude. Similarly, the first single personal pronouns of the Acehnese which consists of three levels, namely ulontuwan or lontuwan 'saya' (very polite), ulon, lon, long, ulong 'me' (polite), and kèe 'me' (rough, friendship). This is, of course, also closely related to the clitic of the Acehnese since it is a pronominal clitic.
The finding of this research would be benefit as a teaching material in teaching Acehnese for either native or nonnative speakers. Currently, Acehnese is one of local content subjects at junior and senior high schools in Aceh. This finding would be useful to increase the quality of the instructional materials. Teaching materials are essential for teachers that help them find it easier to teach the students in the classroom and students could feel a sense of improvement.

LITERATURE REVIEW
Many researchers give attention on clitic. Bauer (1988,p. 99) argues that clitic is a form of contraction of a word with its independent existence. Its forms, such as 've,'d, 's, and 'll as contractions of have, had, has, and will are examples of clitic in English. Katamba (1994, p. 245) explaines "...there is another class of bound morphemes called clitic, the which may be appended to the independent words syntactically motivated by rules. Words to which clitic are attached are called hosts (or anchors)... Clitics attached to the beginning of a host is called an enclosure and one attached to the end is called an enclitic. " In contrast to Bauer who says that clitic is the word, Katamba defines clitic as a distinct class of bound morphemes added to words that are independent because of rules that are syntactically motivated. The clitic is then attached to the so-called words hosts or anchors. If the clitic is attached at the beginning of the host, it is called proclitic, and if it is attached to the end of the host, it is called the enclitic.
Based on its phonological behavior, clitic is an element that does not have accent and is not a basic form of inflection affix and derivative affixes. Clitic does not receive accent either inherently or in contraction, so clitic must be incorporated with a companion structure such as a stressful word or phrase called host. If there is a prosody unit with a host located next to its left, it is called an enclitic, and if the host is to the right of the prosodic unit, it is called proclitic (Halpern, 2001, p. 101). Furthermore, Halpern also said that the nature of clitic is that it must be always attached to the companion structure that get the pressure which is used as a differentiator clitic with an independent word.
A number of studies that examine clitic among others are Cliticization and the Evolution of Morphology: A Cross-linguistic Study on Phonology in Grammaticalization (Schiering, 2006), Clitics In Four Dialects Of Modern Greek: A Dynamic Account (Chatzikyriakidis, 2010), Deconstructing Catalan Object Clitics (Martin, p. 2012), The Agrammatic Comprehension of Contrastive Focus and Clitic Left Dislocation in Catalan (Salmons, p. 2015), Object Clitics And Null Objects in The Acquisition Of French (Gruter, p. 2006), Reflexive Clitics in the Slavic and Romance Languages. A Comparative View from an Antipassive Perspective (Medová, 2009), and The Morphosyntax of Tagalog Clitics: A Typologically Driven Approach (Kaufman, 2010).

METHODOLOGY
This is qualitative research in which the data used is not in the form of numbers (Cresswell, 2009), but in the form of verbal, specifically tangible form (Muhadjir, 1996, p. 29). The method used is a descriptive method, which is a method used by collecting, compiling, classifying, reviewing and interpreting data. Collecting data was done using recording technique and log technique (Sudaryanto, 1992, p. 33). After collecting the data, we used elicitation techniques (Djajasudarma, 2006, p. 61). This technique is used because we are the native speakers of Acehnese. This is in line with de Saussure's (1916) structuralism which states that every element of language is related to each other (the whole unified).

RESULTS
From the results of data analysis, it is found that clitic in Acehnese consists of proclitic and encliticas mentioned in the following Table.1

Proclitic
Proclitic is a conformity of personal pronouns attached in front of other words so as to form a unity. Proclitic in Acehnese is available on first, second, and third personal pronouns in both singular and plural forms. The proclitic form in the Acehnese depends on the personal pronoun that is the reference. Each personal pronoun has their respective proximalities as shown in Table 1 above.

Proclitic of first personal pronouns
The use of proclitic first personal pronoun in Acehnese sentences can be observed in the following examples. From the above sentences it appears that proclitic lon-is attached to the verb meuruno 'learn' (1), proclitic ku-is attached to the verb pajoh 'eat' (2), proclitic meu-is attached to the verb koh 'cut' (3), and proclitic ta-is attached to the verb pubuet 'create' (4). These four proliferations are the conformity of the actors: lon is the conformity of lontuan 'me', ku-is the conformity of kèe 'me', meu-is the conformity of kamoe 'us', and ta-is the conformity of geutanyoe 'us'. The word lontuan 'me' is more polite to use than the word kèe 'I'.

Proclitic of Second Personal Pronouns
The use of the second personal pronoun proclitic in the Acehnese can be observed in the following sentences. The above sentences have shown that proclitic ta is attached to the verb teumè or 'find' (5), proclitic neu is attached to the verb piléh 'choose' (6), and proclitic ka-is attached to the verb pajOh 'eat' (7). The three proclitics are the conformity of the actors that can be explained as follows: ta-is the conformity of gata 'you', neu-is conformity of drouneuh 'you', and ka-is the conformity of kah 'you'. The word drouneuh 'you' is more polite to use than the word gata 'you'; while the word gata 'you' is more polite to use than kah 'you'.
In the nonformal variety, the second personal pronoun can be omitted and it is sufficient to use the clitic only. The word gata in the sentence "Gata pat ta -teumè Awaknyoe 'them' Ji--Ih kitab nyan?" can be shortened into "Pat ta -teumè kitab nyan?". The word drouneuh in the phrase "Drouneuh toh neu-piléh?-can be "Yang toh neu-piléh?". The word kah in the phrase "Kah peue ka-pajOh?" can be "Peue ka-pa-jOh?".

Proclitic of Third Personal Pronoun
The use of the third proclitic personal pronouns in Acehnese sentences can be observed in the following sentences. (10)

3-make Problem In Office Our
'They make a problem in our office.' From the above sentences it appears that proclitic ji-is attached to the verb wo or 'home' (8), proclitic geu-is attached to the verb bloe 'buy' (9), and proclitic ji-is attached to the verb pubuet 'create' (10). These three proclitics are the conformity of the actors: ji-is the conformity of jih 'he', geu-is the conformity of gobnyan 'he', and ji-is the conformity of awaknyan 'their'. Here, it appears that ji is used as a single person pronoun proclitic pronoun (gobnyan) and is used also for the third plural proclitic personal pronoun (awaknyan). The word gobnyan 'he/she' is more polite to use than the word jih 'him/her'.
As Djunaidi (1992) points out, the proclitic ji-is not only used as a single personal pronoun, but is also used to refer to noun agents or noun phrase of animals, plants, or other nouns as in the following examples.

3-Pref-Sounds Very Loud
Since Yesterday 'The sound of the thunder is very loud and has been occurred since yesterday.' The above sentences show that proclitic ji-is not only used as the personal pronoun, but it can also be used for animals, like manok 'chicken' (11), plants like mamplam 'mango', and other inanimate nouns like geulanteu 'thunder'.

A combination of action verb and proclitic
Proclitic in Acehnese always demands on the presence of agents in sentences, both explicit and implicit, especially agents who act as the actor. This happens not only in personal pronouns but also on nouns of either animate or not. This indicates that morphologically, proclitic is attached to the action verb. In Grammar, verb is classified in terms of actions, circumstances, and processes. The use of proclitic describes that potentially agents have control over events stated in the predicate. On the other hand, without proclitic, behavioral control is low.
The action verbs in Acehnese are grouped into four parts: (a) The basic action verb, the action verb that requires an action by a person. This type of verb is accompanied by two cases, namely the actor and the target. The actor states "cause", while the target case represents something directly affected by the action or the outcome of the action. Verbs belonging to this verb include drop ' to catch', sok ' to wear', poh ' to hit', sipak ' to kick', and rhom ' to throw'. (b) Verbs of the eksperensial action, namely the action verb which requires that the actions actors do that cause changes in the psychological state of others. For examples the verb kheun ' to say', peuasa 'disappointing', pakat 'to invite', and peupuah 'to satisfy'. (c) Verbs of benevactive action, ie action verbs that require that the actor actions cause "benefactor" to gain or lose something. Examples of these verbs include bri 'give', suron 'send', teurimong 'accept', tulOng 'help', bantu 'help each other', and peuba 'bring'. (d) Locative action verbs, namely action verbs that require the acts perpetrated by the actor cause the displacement of an object. Examples of these verbs include jak 'go', tamong 'enter', teubiet 'out', pinah 'moved', and meuranto 'immigrate'. The combination of the action verbs and proclitic can be seen in detail in Table 2 below: Although the proclitic is found in the actor active sentence, proclitic in Acehenese may have possibility to construct passive voice as in the following examples.

Enclitic
Enclitic is a personal pronoun arranged behind other words that form a single unit. The enclitic of the Acehnese is available in the first, second, and third personal pronouns in both singular and plural forms. The form of enclitic in the Acehnese depends on the personal pronoun which is the reference. Each personal pronoun has enclitic respectively as shown in Table 1 above.

Enclitic of The First Personal Pronouns
The use of the first personal pronoun's enclosure in Acehnese phrase can be observed in the following sentences. From the sentences above, the enclitic -lon isattached to the verb weuh or 'pitty' (16), enclitic -kuh is attached to the verb sijuek 'cold' (17), enclitic -meuh is attached to the verb glak 'disgusted' (18), and enclitic -teuh is attached to the verb gugob 'hot ' (19). The four enclitics is the conformity of the actors: -lon is the conformity of lontuan 'I', kuh-is the conformity of kèe 'I', meuh-is the conformity of kamoe or 'we', and -teuh is the conformity of geutanyoe 'we'.

Enclitic of the Second Personal Pronouns
The use of enclitic of the second personal pronoun in the Acehnese phrase can be observed in the following sentences.

You
Pref-dilligent-2 learn To be Smart 'You must be dilligent in learning to be a smart student.' From the sentences above, it can be seen that the enclitic -teuh is attached to the verb teungeut 'sleep' (20), enclitic -neuh is attached to the verb buhak 'lie' (21), and enclitic -keuh is attached to the verb jeumot 'dilligent' (22). The three enclitics are the conformity of the actors: -teuh is the conformity of gata 'you', -neuh is the conformity of droeneuh 'you' and keuh-is the adjustment from kah 'you'.

Enclitic of the Third Personal Pronouns
The use of enclitic of the third personal pronouns in the Acehnese phrase can be observed in the following sentences.