The Size and Strength Development in Elite Youth Ice Hockey Players

Jeff R. Leiter, Dean M. Cordingley, Adam J. Zeglen, Glenn D. Carnegie, Peter B. MacDonald

Abstract


Background: Ice hockey is a fast, physical sport that requires high levels of muscular strength, muscular endurance and agility. Objectives: This study was conducted to create a profile including: anthropometric measurement, muscular strength, muscular endurance, lower body jump height and distance, and agility characteristics for elite youth hockey players.  Methods: Pre-season off-ice testing results were retrospectively reviewed from a human performance database.  Variables included height, weight, body fat percentage, grip strength, push-ups/bench press, supine rows, the plank test, vertical jump, standing long jump, hip adductor and abductor strength, and the 5-10-5 shuttle, and. One-way ANOVAs (1group x 4 time) and Tukeys post-hoc tests were performed to determine changes in the immediately successive age group (p<0.05). Results: Participants included male Bantam-(age: 13-14) and Midget-(age: 15-17) AAA ice-hockey players (n=260).  Age categories were grouped as 13 years old (yo)(n=75), 14 yo (n=70), 15 yo (n=58), and 16-17 yo (n=57).  Increases between successive age groups were observed in the following variables: weight (13, 14, 15 and 16-17 yo), height (13 and 14 yo), left and right grip strength (13, 14, 15, and 16-17 yo), bench press (15 and 16-17 yo), left and right hip abduction (14, 15, and 16-17 yo), and vertical and standing long jump (13, 14, and 15 yo). Total time for the 5-10-5 shuttle run test decreased from 13 to 14yo, and 14 to 15 yo. Conclusion: Changes with age in off-ice performance variables of elite amateur hockey players should be recognized, followed, and addressed during player development to maximize the potential for elite performance and reduce the risk of injury.  

Keywords: Athletic Performance, Training, Physical Fitness


Full Text:

PDF

References


Azuelos, Y.H., Pearsall, D.J., Turcotte, R., & Montgomery, D.L. (2004). A review of ice hockey injuries: location, diagnosis, mechanism. In Pearsall, D.J. & Ashare, A.B. (Eds.), Safety in ice hockey (Vol. 4, pp. 59–67). West Conshohcken, Penn.: American Society for Testing and Materials International.

Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology. (2003). The Canadian physical activity, fitness and lifestyle approach: CSEP-Health & Fitness Program’s Health-Related Appraisal and Counselling Strategy. (3rd ed.). Ottawa, ON.

Catley, M. J., & Tomkinson, G. R. (2011). Normative health-related fitness values for children: analysis of 85347 test results on 9-17-year-old Australians since 1985. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(2), 98–108.

Chang, R., Turcotte, R., & Pearsall, D. (2009). Hip adductor muscle function in forward skating. Sports Biomechanics, 8(3), 212–222. http://doi.org/10.1080/14763140903229534

Cox, M. H., Miles, D. S., Verde, T. J., & Rhodes, E. C. (1995). Applied physiology of ice hockey. Sports Medicine (Auckland, NZ), 19(3), 184.

de Koning, J. J., de Groot, G., & van Ingen Schenau, G. J. (1991). Coordination of leg muscles during speed skating. Journal of Biomechanics, 24(2), 137–146.

Emery, C. A., Kang, J., Shrier, I., Goulet, C., Hagel, B. E., Benson, B. W., Meeuwisse, W. H. (2010). Risk of injury associated with body checking among youth ice hockey players. JAMA, 303(22), 2265–2272.

Emery, C. A., & Meeuwisse, W. H. (2006). Injury Rates, Risk Factors, and Mechanisms of Injury in Minor Hockey. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 34(12), 1960–1969. http://doi.org/10.1177/0363546506290061

Emery, Carolyn A., Meeuwisse, Willem H., & Powell, John W. (1999). Groin and Abdominal Strain Injuries in the National Hockey League. Clinical Journal of Sport Medicine, 9(3), 151–156.

Emery, C., Kang, J., Shrier, I., Goulet, C., Hagel, B., Benson, B., Meeuwisse, W. (2011). Risk of injury associated with bodychecking experience among youth hockey players. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 183(11), 1249–1256.

Farlinger, C. M., Kruisselbrink, L. D., & Fowles, J. R. (2007). Relationships to skating performance in competitive hockey players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 21(3), 915.

Gledhill, N., & Jamnik, V. (2007). Detailed assessment protocols for NHL entry draft players. York University, Toronto.

Grant, J. A., Bedi, A., Kurz, J., Bancroft, R., Gagnier, J. J., & Miller, B. S. (2015). Ability of preseason body composition and physical fitness to predict the risk of injury in male collegiate hockey players. Sports Health: A Multidisciplinary Approach, 7(1), 45–51.

Hockey Canada. (2014). Referee’s Case Book/Rule Combination 2014-2015. Hockey Canada. Retrieved from http://cdn.agilitycms.com/hockey-canada/Hockey-Programs/Officiating/Downloads/rulebook_casebook_e.pdf

Jackson, A. S., & Pollock, M. L. (1978). Generalized equations for predicting body density of men. British Journal of Nutrition, 40(03), 497–504.

Jackson, J., Snydmiller, G., Game, A., Gervais, P., & Bell, G. (2016). Movement Characteristics and Heart Rate Profiles Displayed by Female University Ice Hockey Players. International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science, 4(1). http://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijkss.v.4n.1p.43

Mathiowetz, V., Wiemer, D. M., & Federman, S. M. (1986). Grip and pinch strength: norms for 6-to 19-year-olds. The American Journal of Occupational Therapy, 40(10), 705–711.

Montgomery, D. L. (2006). Physiological profile of professional hockey players-a longitudinal comparison. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 31(3), 181–185.

Quinney, H. A., Dewart, R., Game, A., Snydmiller, G., Warburton, D., & Bell, G. (2008). A 26 year physiological description of a National Hockey League team. Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism, 33(4), 753–760.

Rantanen, T., Harris, T., Leveille, S. G., Visser, M., Foley, D., Masaki, K., & Guralnik, J. M. (2000). Muscle strength and body mass index as long-term predictors of mortality in initially healthy men. The Journals of Gerontology Series A: Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 55(3), M168–M173.

Regnier, G., Boileau, R., Marcotte, G., Desharnais, R., Larouche, R., Bernard, D., Boulanger, D. (1989). Effects of Body-Checking in the Pee-Wee (12 and 13 Years Old) Division in the Province of Quebec. In C. R. Castaldi & E. F. Hoerner (Eds.), Safety in Ice Hockey (Vol. 1, pp. 84–94). Philadelphia, PA: ASTM International.

Rogol, A. D., Roemmich, J. N., & Clark, P. A. (2002). Growth at puberty. Journal of Adolescent Health, 31(6), 192–200.

Siri, W.E. (1961). Body composition from fluid space and density. In Techniques for measuring body composition (J. Brozek and A. Henschel, pp. 223–224). Washington D.C.: National Academy of Sciences.

Snow, Teresa K., Millard-Stafford, Mindy, & Rosskopf, Linda B. (1998). Body Composition Profile of NFL Football Players. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 12(3), 146–149.

Suprak, D. N., Dawes, J., & Stephenson, M. D. (2011). The effect of position on the percentage of body mass supported during traditional and modified push-up variants. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research, 25(2), 497–503.

Tremblay, M.S., Katzmarzyk, P.T., & Willms, J.D. (2002). Temporal trends in overweight and obesity in Canada, 1981-1996. International Journal of Obesity, 26(4), 538–543.

Tyler, T. F., Nicholas, S. J., Campbell, R. J., & McHugh, M. P. (2001). The association of hip strength and flexibility with the incidence of adductor muscle strains in professional ice hockey players. The American Journal of Sports Medicine, 29(2), 124–128.

Wilmore, J.H., & Haskell, W.L. (1972). Body composition and endurance capacity of professional football players. Journal of Applied Physiology, 33(5), 564–567.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.