Secondary English Language Teacher Capacity: Insights From Bangladesh

Shakila Nur

Abstract


Like other developing, non-English speaking countries in Asia, Bangladesh has shown a phenomenal attention towards English education through the school curriculum. The attention is demonstrated by revisiting and revising pertinent curriculum, personnel, materials, methods, and assessment policies of English education. This paper, within an exploratory, qualitative case study paradigm offers a modest, interpretive inquiry into secondary English teacher capacity, in terms of their recruitment, training and class performance. The data were collected from semi-structured interviews with secondary English teachers, school principals and teacher trainers, and classroom observations of secondary English teachers. The findings identified a set of generic issues around secondary English teacher capacity. These included inadequate provision of teachers, stigmatised practice of teacher recruitment, limited attention to teacher training and their impacts on the overall quality of English education. Reflecting upon the findings, the paper concludes with a set of recommendations for secondary English personnel policy and practice, which could be a point of reference for Bangladesh and beyond.

Keywords


Bangladesh; English Language Education; English Language Teachers; ELT-INSET; Language-In-Education Planning; Secondary Education

Full Text:

PDF

References


Baldauf Jr, R. B., Kaplan, R. B., Kamwangamalu, N., & Bryant, P. (2011). Success or failure of primary second/foreign language programmes in Asia: What do the data tell us?. Current Issues in Language Planning, 12(2), 309-323.

Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2006). Rearticulating the case for micro language planning in a language ecology context. Current Issues in Language Planning, 7 (2&3), 147-170.

Bangladesh Bureau of Educational Information and Statistics (BANBEIS). (2016). Pocket book on educational statistics. Dhaka: BANBEIS.

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101.

Canagarajah, S. A. (2005). Accommodating tensions in language-in-education policies: An afterword. In A. M. Y. Lin, & P. W. Martin (Eds.), Decolonisation, globalisation: Language-in education policy and practice, 194-201. Buffalo: Multilingual Matters.

Cooper, R. L. (1989). Language planning and social change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Corson, D. (1999). Language policy in schools: A resource for teachers and administrators. Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Denzin, N.K. (1978). The research act: A theoretical introduction to sociological methods. New York: McGraw-Hill.

Devlin, M. (2007). Improving teaching in tertiary education: Institutional and individual influences. In Excellence in Education and Training Convention (2007: Singapore). Singapore Polytechnic.

Edwards, F. (2012). Learning communities for curriculum change: Key factors in an educational change process in New Zealand. Professional Development in Education, 38(1), 25-47.

English in Action. (2009). An observation study of English lessons in primary and secondary schools in Bangladesh, Dhaka: English in Action. (Baseline Study 3)

Fullan, M. (1993). Change forces: Probing the depths of educational reform (Vol. 10). Psychology Press.

Hamid, M. O. (2010). Globalisation, English for everyone and English teacher capacity: Language policy discourses and realities in Bangladesh. Current Issues in Language Planning, 11(4), 289-310.

Heller, M. (2010). The commodification of language. Annual review of Anthropology, 39, 101-114.

Holloway, I., & Todres, L. (2003). The status of method: flexibility, consistency and coherence. Qualitative research, 3(3), 345-357.

Ingram, D. E. (1990). Language-in-education planning. In R. B. Kaplan, et al. (Eds.), Annual Review of Applied Linguistics, 10, (pp. 53-78). New York: Cambridge University Press.

Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2003). Language and language-in-education planning in the Pacific Basin. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.

Kaplan, R. B., & Baldauf, R. B., Jr. (2005). Language-in-education policy and planning. In E. Hinkel (Ed.), Handbook of research in second language teaching and learning, (pp. 1013-1034). Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Kaplan, R. B., Baldauf Jr, R. B., & Kamwangamalu, N. (2011). Why educational language plans sometimes fail. Current issues in language planning, 12(2), 105-124.

Kirkpatrick, R., & Bui, T. T. N. (2016). Introduction: The challenges for English education policies in Asia. In English language education policy in Asia (pp. 3-6). Springer International Publishing.

Li, M. (2008). English Language-in-Education Policy and Planning in Schools in the PRC: Teachers as Actors or Implementers. (Unpublished PhD thesis) submitted to the University of Queensland.

Lieberman, A., & Pointer Mace, D. H. (2008). Teacher learning: The key to educational reform. Journal of Teacher Education, 59(3), 226-234.

Lipsky, M. (1980). Street level bureaucrats. Nova York: Russel Sage.

Liu, F. & Maitlis, S. (2010) Non-participant observation. In: A. Mills, G. Durepos & E. Wiebe, (eds.) Sage Encyclopaedia of case study research. Los Angeles: Sage.

Lortie, D. (1975). Schoolteacher: A sociological study (2nd edition). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Maxwell, J. A. (2012). Qualitative Research Design: An Interactive Approach (3 ed.). London: Sage.

McLachlan, A. (2009). Modern languages in the primary curriculum: are we creating conditions for success? Language Learning Journal, 37(2), 183-203. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1080/09571730902928078

Miles, M., Huberman, M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage.

Moon, J. (2009). The teacher factor in early foreign language learning programmes: The case of Vietnam. The age factor and early language learning, 40, 311-336.

Nguyen, H. T. M. (2011). Primary English language education policy in Vietnam: Insights from implementation. Current Issues in Language Planning, 12(2), 225-249. https://doi.org/10.1080/14664208.2011.597048

Nunan, D. (2003). The impact of English as a global language on educational policies and practices in the Asia‐Pacific Region. TESOL quarterly, 37(4), 589-613.

Nur, S. (in preparation). Secondary English education in Bangladesh: A critical policy trajectory study. PhD thesis, University of Tasmania, Australia.

Nur, S & Islam, M. (2018). The (Dis)Connection between Secondary English Education Assessment Policy and Practice: Insights from Bangladesh. International Journal of English Language Education, 6(1), pp. 100-132. DOI: https://doi.org/10.5296/ijele.v6i1.12946

Park, A., & Hannum, E. (2001). Do teachers affect learning in developing countries? Evidence from matched student-teacher data from China. In Conference Rethinking Social Science Research on the Developing World in the 21st Century.

Patton, M. Q. (2015). Qualitative research & research methods (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Poland, B.D. (1995). Transcription quality as an aspect of rigor in qualitative research. Qualitative Inquiry, 1(3), 290-310.

Punch, K.F. (2000). Developing effective research proposals. London/Thousand Oaks/New Delhi: Sage.

Qi, S. (2009). Globalization of English and English Language Policies in East Asia: a Comparative Perspective. Canadian Social Science, 5(3), 111-120.

Ricento, T. K. & Hornberger, N. H. (1996). Unpeeling the onion: Language planning and policy and the ELT professional. TESOL Quarterly, 30 (3), 401-427.

Rubin, J., & Jernudd, B. H. (1971). Introduction: Language planning as an element in modernization. In J. Rubin, & B. H. Jernudd (Eds.), Can language be planned? Sociolinguistic theory and practice for developing nations, (pp. xiii-xxiv). Honolulu: The University Press of Hawaii.

Schweisfurth, M. (2015). Learner-centred pedagogy: Towards a post-2015 agenda for teaching and learning. International Journal of Educational Development, 40, 259-266.

Shahab, S. (2013). Teaching to learn, learning to teach: How do language teachers in Pakistan learn. Unpublished MA thesis, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.

Silverman, D., & Marvasti, A. (2008). Doing qualitative research: A comprehensive guide. Thousand Oaks: Sage Publications, Inc.

Singh, M., Kenway, J., & Apple, M.W. (2005). Globalizing education: Perspectives from above and below. In Apple, M.W., Kenway, J., & Singh, M. (Eds.), Globalizing education: Policies, pedagogies, & politics (pp.1-29). New York: Peter Lang.

Simons, H. (2009). Case study research in practice. Washington DC: Sage Publications.

Spolsky, B., & Shohamy, E. (2000). Language practice, language ideology, and language policy. In R. D. Lambert, & E. Shohamy (Eds.), Language policy and pedagogy, 1-41. Philadelphia, PA.: John Benjamins.

Wedell, M. (2009). Planning for educational change: putting people and their contexts first. London: Continuum.

Wedell, M. (2008). Developing a capacity to make “English for Everyone” worthwhile: Reconsidering outcomes and how to start achieving them. International Journal of Educational Development, 28(6), 628-639.

Yan, C. (2012). “We can only change in a small way”: A study of secondary English teachers’ implementation of curriculum reform in China. Journal of Educational Change, 13(4), 431-447.

Yan, C., & He, C. (2012). Bridging the implementation gap: an ethnographic study of English teachers’ implementation of the curriculum reform in China. Ethnography and Education, 7(1), 1-19.

Yin, R. K. (2011). Applications of case study research. Sage.

Yin, R. K. (2014). Case study research: Design and methods (5th ed.). New York: Sage publications.

Zein, M. S. (2011). One size does not fit all: Unravelling the needs of English teachers in primary schools in Indonesia. In Proceedings of International Conference of Language, Linguistics, and Literature. Dubai: Conference Committee.

Zein, S. (2016). Factors affecting the professional development of elementary English teachers. Professional Development in Education, 42(3), 423-440.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.4p.163

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies  

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.