The Profile of Acehnese Variation : Sociolinguistic Analysis

This descriptive study identifies the variation of Acehnese in sociolinguistic reviews by identifying the variations in terms of language spoken, usage, formality as well as a mean of communication. To understand the Acehnese variations in sociolinguistic reviews, a series of techniques were applied such as understanding the language spoken, reading the text, and speaking to the speaker of Acehnese. The results indicate that there are seven variations of the language in the perspective of speakers and six variations were identified in the Acehnese language, i.e. idiolect, dialect, sociolect, acrolect, basilect, and slang. While the crolect variation was not identified. In the perspective of language use, there are four variations with three identified; the variety of literature, journalism (non-productive), and a variety of scientific (nonproductive). While the military variety is not identified. In the perspective of language formality, there are five variations i.e. frozen (nonproductive) variety, official (unproductive) variety, consultative variety, casual variety, and familiar variety are all identified. In the perspective of means of communication, there are two variations, namely wide variety of oral and writing are both identified. The existence of identified and unidentified variations of language indicates that the language of Aceh has been abandoned by speakers.


INTRODUCTION
Language variation is a very important aspect in sociolinguistics.More scholars define it as a branch of sociolinguistics component within the linguistics.Language variation seeks to explain the characteristics of language variation and establish the correlation of the characteristics of variations of language with social characteristics.The most important thing in the concept of language variation is the link between language and social situation of the community (Fishman, 1972;Hudson, 1996;Spolsky, 2003;Wardaugh, 2006;Mesthrie, 2009;Meyerhoff, 2011).In addition, Chambers (2003) explains that language variations are not random, but follow a certain pattern.The pattern has a social meaning that shows the emergence of systematic linguistic variation in relation to social structure.
Research on language variations in sociolinguistic reviews is very productive study done by foreign researchers in the form of dissertations, theses, and journal articles among others (Ammour, 2012;Pastor andAlmeida, 2014, Al-Sobh, et al., 2015;Scrivner and Campos, 2016;Baykova, et al. 2016;Chakravarty, 2017;Metz, 2018;Pichler, 2018).In Indonesia, research on variations of regional languages is also productive activities among others (Ramendra, 2013, Latifah, et al. 2017;Nesti, 2016;Syahrir, 2017;Maharani it can be concluded that the language is classified as a language that is safe languages. Theoretically, Hortman and Stork (Chaer & Agustina, 2004: 62) distinguish language variations based on criteria: (a) the geographic and social background of speakers (b) the medium used and (c) the subject.Halliday (1985) distinguishes language variations based on the use of so-called dialects and users called registers.Referring to above experts, this study can formulate the problems as follows (1) How is profile variations of the language of Aceh in terms of (a) speakers, (b) usage, (c) formalities, and (d) means of communication? (2) As language used more than 3 million people, does the Acehnese have a variety of speakers, usage, formality, and the means of communication?This is an interesting considering of Acehnese language as a regional language and its function is very urgent because of the dominance of Indonesian language.Gradually, the role of the Acehnese in various variations of usage is taken over by the Indonesian language.
In terms of speakers, variations of the language of Aceh in this study are idiolect, dialect, chronolect, and sociolect.In terms of usage, the variations of language studied are literary variety, journalism, military, and scientific variety.In terms of formality, the variations of the language studied are frozen, formal, consultative, casual, and familiar variety.In terms of means, the variations of the identifiable language are verbal and written.

METHOD
This project is descriptive study conducted based on fact or phenomenon of language that occurs in the language use in community so as to produce a note about the language.Descriptive method does not consider the correct or wrong language spoken by the speaker (Sudaryanto, 1993: 62).The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach with descriptive data in the form of words written and spoken of the people and behavior that can be taken.Thus, the data collected are in the form of words, sentences and drawings (Flick, 2004:3;Denzin and Lincoln, 2000:3-4;Janesick, 2000:382;Grix, 2004:173;and Bungin, 2007:23).This study use qualitative research as it can provide a better understanding of a social condition as a phenomenon of a language involving the speaker.
Data for this study is formatting in qualitative approach of Acehnese spoken as a main data and written as supporting data.Spoken data is from informant while written data are from written text of Acehnese.The method used here is to listen the spoken (Sudaryanto, 2015).Listening method is used by tapping technique, listening, free conversation and filling questionnaire to informant.While conversation method applied interview recording technique.To complete data gathering, the researcher also applied method of imitations as the researcher himself is the speaker of Acehnese (Djajasudarma, 2006:61).Then data were analyzed using qualitative technique.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The results are presented and discussed based on the problems formulation above, such as the profile of variation of Acehnese in terms of (1) speakers, (2) usage, (3) formalities, and (4) means of communication.

Idiolect
Idiolect is a variation of individual language.According to the concept of idiolect, everyone has a variation of their respective languages or idols.These idiolect variations are related to the sound color, word choice, style, sentence arrangement, and so on.However, the most dominant is the color of the sound.So, if we are familiar enough with someone, just by hearing his voice without seeing him, we can recognize it (Chaer and Agustina, 2004).
Do Acehnese speakers also show idols?The result of the observation on 10 respondents shows that it can be identified of the individual characteristic or idiolect of someone when he speaks Acehnese.In other words, the use of the Acehnese will also generate idiolect.From 10 respondents of Acehnese speakers who observed 10 idiolects with their own characteristics.These idiolect variations are related to the sound color, word choice, style, sentence construction and so on.

Dialect
Dialects are the language variations of a relative number of speakers, located in a place, region or area.Sulaiman (1979) mentioned that the language of Aceh consists of several dialects.On the north coast there is a dialect of Aceh Besar, Pidie dialect, the Peusangan dialect, and the Pase dialect.On the west coast there is Lamno dialect and dialect of West Aceh.The results also show that of 10 respondents who observed as identified speakers of various dialects.The following are examples of data showing dialects in the Aceh language (Table 1).

Chronolect
Chronolect or temporal dialect is a variation of the language used by social groups at certain situational context.In the Indonesian, for example, there are variations in the thirties, fifties, and variations of Indonesian today.The question is does chronolect also exist in the Acehnese language too?Interviews with respondents show that Acehnese does not know chronolect.To the knowledge of the respondents, the present's Acehnese and it was of the past are not much different.Even if there is a difference, it is not the Acehnese, but the influence of the Indonesian as a dominant language.Thus, it can be concluded that Acehnese from time to time is relatively stable.In other words, we do not know chronolect in Acehnese without further study conducted.

Sociolect
Sociolect or social dialect is a variation of language relating to the status, class and social class of the speakers (Adams, J. N. 2013).In sociolinguistic context, variation is the most talked-about and most time-consuming because this variation involves all the personal problems of its speakers, such as age, education, sex orientation, occupation, nobility, and socioeconomic status.
The respondents stated that based on age there are some differences in the language of children, adolescents, and adults.Then education of the respondents also acknowledged the variation.Sex or gender is also showing a variation between female and male speakers.In addition, variations from this gender angle are mainly related to the topic of conversation.Apart from gender differences, jobs status also contributed to variations in the language they use in every day communication.Within the professions, there are some variation differences such as fishermen, farmers, traders, and so on that showing some basic characteristics, especially in the selection of vocabulary.Social economy is another variable that showing difference variations over the language used between the poor and the rich.If the Javanese recognizes variations in terms of nobility, the language of Aceh based on this study does not recognize the variations of the language.The difference variation here is not only about the content or topic of the conversation, but also in morphology, syntax, and vocabulary.

Acrolectal
Acrolectal is a social variation that is considered higher or more prestigious than other social variations.As an example of this acrolectal is a so-called Bibongan language, a variation of the Javanese language specially used by the nobles of the Javanese family.French dialect of the city of Paris is considered a higher degree than other French dialects, because that is the dialect of Paris was used as the standard language of French.In Indonesia the dialect of Jakartan tends to be more prestigious indicated by many teenagers are proud to speak in that dialect.Similarly, based on this data gained showed that the Acehnese language dialects of Peusangan region is much smoother and pleasing to hear than any other dialects of Acehnese of Great and West Aceh regions.

Basilect
Basilect is a social variation that is considered less prestigious, or seen as low.The English used by the cowboys and porters as the example can be regarded as basilect, as well as the kramandesa of the Javanese.In Aceh, as answered of the respondents showed that the language used by residents in coastal fishermen can be identified as the example of basilect.

Slang
Slang is a special and secret social language variation.Based on the data of the respondents revealed that in Aceh there is a slang language called the Acehnese 'meubalek (reversed).'MeuBalek' is used by certain speakers for very limited context as no other people can understand it.Uniquely, this language has two meanings.The meaning before and after was reversed.Mumbalek can be words, phrases, or even sentences.Here are some examples of a variety of slang in Aceh community (Table 2).

Language Variation in Terms of Usage
Language variation with respect to usage or function is called the function.This variation is usually discussed in terms of areas of use, style or degree of formality, and means of use.The variation is, therefore, based on field of usage as well as the language purposes.

Literary variety
Variety of literature usually emphasizes on the use of language in terms of aesthetics have the characteristics of euphony in the most appropriate expression.Normative morphological and syntactic structures are often sacrificed to achieve the proper euphony and its effects.The results show that the Acehnese language also recognizes the literary variety.The literary variety in the language of Aceh is dominated by old literary works such as saga, h'iem 'puzzle', and narit maja 'proverbs'.Literary works show certain characteristics that are different from other languages.Here are some examples of an old literary work in Aceh (Table 3).
In addition to the old literary works, modern literary works such as new poetry and prose in the language of Aceh are also found although not productive.Here are some examples of modern literature in Aceh (Table 4).

Variety of journalism
Variety of journalistic language also has certain characteristics, that is simple, communicative, and concise.It is simple because it should be understood easily.It is communicative because journalism must deliver the news precisely, and succinct because of space limitations (print media) and time constraints (electronic media).However, in the language of Aceh is difficult to identify the variety of language journalism, given the very little mass media print and electronic use the Acehnese published consistently.One of the Aceh language programs that still exist in the media is news in the local broadcast of Radio Republic of Indonesia, Banda Aceh.
Here is an example of news text in Aceh (Table 5).

Military variety
The variety of military language is known by its concise and decisive character, in accordance with the duties and military life which is full of discipline and instruction.In Acehnese language is not familiar with the military language of Aceh because it is the official language in the military in Aceh is the Indonesian language.

Scientific variety
The variety of scientific language is known by its straightforward, clear, and free character of ambiguity and all kinds of Pesantren is a place to lead the world of science and the hereafter.In ancient pesantren abroad.In the eyes of the pesantren world from ancient times was fragrant with the name of scholars.Like the name Teung ku Chiek Awe Geutah a ulemas who go to the holy land of Mecca to study in the way of Allah.After that was taken to Ace and taught to the students of boarding school.
metaphors and idioms.Similarly, n the Acehnese, unproductive scientific variety is done because generally scholarly activity in Aceh uses Indonesian language.However, in the variety of written language, as in textbooks, it is found the use of the Acehnese of this scientific variety.Here is an example of the scientific variety in the Aceh language (Table 6).

Language Variation from the aspect of Formality
Variations based on the level of formality can be divided into five kinds, namely frozen variety, official variety, consultative variety, casual variety, and familiar variety.

Frozen variety
The frozen variety is the most formal variation of the language, used in solemn and formal ceremonies, for example in state ceremonies, marriage permits, oath-taking procedures, statute books, notarial deeds, and decree letters.In Aceh language the use of this frozen variety is less productive considering the language of Aceh is rarely used in various activities.Use of total variance frozen in Aceh is relatively still to be found on the consent of weddings, especially weddings performed in the countryside.Here's an example of the frozen variety in the Aceh language (Table 7).

Official variety
The official or formal variety is the variation of the language used in the state speeches, official meetings, official correspondence, and so on.Patterns and rules of the official variety has been established steadily as a standard.In the Acehnese language, official variations are less productive given the activities mentioned above also rarely use the language of Aceh.However, there were also officials who used the Acehnese language to give a speech at an event, especially at events that were mostly listeners of Acehnese speakers.Here is an example of the scientific variety in the Aceh language (Table 8).

Consultative variety
Consultative or business variety is a variation of the language commonly used in ordinary talk in schools, meetings, or results-oriented or production-oriented conversations.Thus, it can be said that this diversity of business is the most operational variety of languages.This manifold diversity of enterprises lies between the formal and informal variety.In the Acehnese context.this consultative variety is the language commonly used by people in informal situations.
Here are examples of various consultations in the Aceh language (Table 9).

Casual variety
Casual or casual variety is a variation of the language used in unofficial situations to talk to family or close friends during rest, exercise, recreation, shopping in the market and so on.
In the Aceh language, this casual variety is similar to the language of the Indonesian.Here's an example of casual variety in the Acehnese (Table 10).

Familiar variety
The familiar or intimate variety is the usual variation of the language used by speakers whose relationships are familiar such as between family members or close friends.This va-  The book "Meuruno Bahasa Aceh" is the result of a revision of the book "Pelajaran Bahasa Aceh" which has been published by the Provincial Education Office of Nanggroe Aceh Darussalam in 2001.Surely in this edition has undergone various changes in both the substance and learning approaches that fit the curriculum.We hope that this book will be useful for all parties, especially for students, teachers, and society.riety is characterized using incomplete language short-sighted and with articulations that are sometimes less clear.This happens as among participants have mutual understanding and have the same knowledge.In Acehnese this variety is usually used in peer conversations.Here's an example Of familiar variety in Acehnese (Table 11).

Variations of Facets of Facility
Language variations can also be viewed in terms of means or pathways used.In this case can be called the existence of verbal and written variety.The results of this study show that the language of Aceh has a variety of spoken and written variety.Acehnese linguists have also formulated the spelling and writing rules in the Acehnese language.
Based on above description, the variation profiles of Acehnese language from various perspective variations can be summarized in the following Table 12.
The table above shows there are two types of variations of language of Aceh that are not identified such as chronolect and military variety.There are four variations of the Aceh-nese language which are identifiable but they are not productive used.They are journalistic variety, scientific variety, frozen variety, and official variety.This is due to the vast Indonesian dominance in Aceh province.

CONCLUSION
From the results of this study, it is identified that the variation of the Acehnese is in line with the theory of variation of language proposed by Hortman and Stork (Chaer and Agustina, 2004: 62) and Halliday (1985).The presence of variation in the Acehnese reflects on the cultural diversity and social structure of the Acehnese who also affirm that language and social structure influence each other.From the use of varied languages, it can be seen that there is a relationship between certain social structures and the way in which people use the language.This relationship continues from generation to generation that leads to the formation of the sociolinguistic behavior of the speaker.On the other hand, there is an indication, slowly but surely the existence of Acehnese language as a regional language begin to be threatened and endan- gered because its role and function has been taken by the national language, that is Indonesian.There needs to be a strong effort by all parties, especially the central and regional governments to give wider space to the use of Acehnese as a region language to be used by speakers in a variety of uses.

Table 1 .
Comparison of words in different degrees of aceh language

Table 2 .
Sample variety of slang (Meubalek) in aceh

Table 3 .
Example of old literature in acehnese

Table 5 .
Example of journalistic variety in aceh language

Table 6 .
Examples of scientific variety in aceh language

Table 7 .
Example of frozen variety in aceh language

Table 8 .
Examples of official variety in aceh language

Table 11 .
Examples of familiar variety in aceh language Pu mbong.Pu hana kah Inggreh kalon meuen.That's imeuen?A: Lagee Inggreh talo malamnyoe.B: Hana mungken.Menyoe talo, kakoh jaroe kee.Is that too arrogant.Do not you see England playing.Pretty time playing.A: I think England will loss tonight.B: It's impossible.If England lose, please cut my finger.

Table 12 .
Recapitulation of aceh language variation profile