High Prevalence of Hypovitaminosis D among Schoolchildren of Shimla in Himachal Pradesh

Dr Jatinder Kumar Mokta, - Dr Ramesh, Dr Balraj Singh, Dr Tripti Chauhan, Dr Kiran Kumar Mokta

Abstract


Title of the article: High prevalence of hypovitaminosis D among schoolchildren of Shimla in Himachal Pradesh. Context: Acquisition of optimal bone mineral health in childhood and adolescence is essential for adequate bone mass during adulthood and old age, as 40-50% of total skeletal mass is accumulated so early in life. Aims: To estimate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency among the school children of Shimla Settings and Design: A total of 300 children and adolescents of class V1 to X11 of various schools in Shimla were enrolled during July 1, 2015 to September 30, 2015. Methods and Material: After written informed consent, blood samples for 25(OH) D were collected and measured by radioimmunoassay. Statistical analysis: Data analyzed the data using EpiInfo 7.0.9.7 for windows. Results: Among all enrolled cases, 151(50.33%) were girls and 149 (49.76%) boys. Serum 25(OH) D level was significantly lower in girls 11.70± 4.03ng/ml as compared to boys 13.57 ±7.06ng/dl (p=0.0000001). Hypovitaminosis D was present in 98.66% cases, out of which 93.33% had deficient and 5.33% had insufficient 25 (OH) D levels. A total of 34.33% children had severe deficiency, however 4 (1.33%) had sufficient levels and were boys. Conclusions: Prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in apparently healthy schoolchildren in India is high. Awareness needs to be generated about benefits accrued by direct sunlight exposure.

Keywords


Hypovitaminosis D, Children, Sunlight Exposure

Full Text:

PDF

References


Munns C, Zacharin MR, Rodda CP, Batch JA, Morley R. Prevention and treatment of infants and childhood vitamin D deficiency in Australia and New Zealand : a consensus statement. Med J aust 2006;185:268-72.

Nagpal S, Na S, Rathnachalam R. Noncalcemic actions of vitamin D receptor ligands. Endocr Rev 2005;26:662-7.

Cantorna MT. Vitamin D and its role in immunology: Multiple sclerosis, and inflammatory bowel disease. ProgBiophyMolBiol 2006;92:60-64.

Holick MF. Vitamin D: Extraskeletalhealth. Rheum Dis Clin North Am 2012;38:141-60.

Holick MF. Vitamin D deficiency N Engl J Med 2007;357:266-81.

Lucas RM, Ponsonby AL, Pasco JA, Morley R. Future health implications of prenatal and early – life vitamin D status. Nutr Rev 2008; 66:710-20.

Marwaha RK, Sripathy G. Vitamin D and Bone mineral density of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Indian J Med Res 2008; 127:239-44.

ParfittAM, Gallagher JC, Heaney RP, Johnston CC, Neer R, Whedon GD. Vitamin D, and bone health in the elderly. Am J ClinNutr 1982;35: 1014-31.

Jones G, Dwyer T. Bone mass in prepubertal children: gender differences and the role of physical activity and sunlight exposure. J ClinEndocrinolMetab 1998;83:4274-79.

Johnston CC Jr, Miller JZ, Slemenda CW, Reister TK, Hui S, Christian JC, et al. Calcium supplementation and increases in bone mineral density in children. N Engl J Med 1992;327:82-7.

Slemenda CW, Peacock M, Hui S, Zhou L, Johnston CC. Reduced rates of skeletal remodeling are associated with increased bone mineral density during the development of peak skeletal mass. J Bone Miner Res 1997; 12:676-82.

Andersen r,Brot c, Jakobsen J, Mejborn H, Mølgaard C, Skovgaard LT,et al. Seasonal changes in vitamin D states among Danish adolescent girls and elderly women: the influence of sun exposure and vitamin D intake. J Clinical Nutr 2013;67:270-4.

Lips P. Vitamin D deficiency and secondary hyperparathyroidism in the elderly: consequences for bone loss and fractures and therapeutic implications. Endocr Rev 2001;22:477–501.

Harinarayanan CV, Joshi SR. Vitamin D status in India –Its implications and remedial measures. J Assoc Physicians 2009;57:40-8.

Harinarayan CV. Prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency in postmenopausal south Indian women. OsteoporosInt 2005;16:397-402.

Kumar J, Montnec P, Kaskel FJ, Hailpum SM, Melamed ML. Prevalence and association of 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency in US children: NHANES 2001-2004. Pediatrics 2009;123:362-70.

Gonzalez Gross M ,Valturana J, Breidenassel C. Vitamin D status among adolescents in Europe: the healthy lifestyle in Europe by nutrition in adolescence study. Br j nutr2012;107:755-64.

Moncrieff MW, Lunt HRW, Arthur LJH. Nutritional rickets at puberty. Arch Dis Child 1973;48:221-4.

Balasubramanian K, Rajeswari J, GulabGovilYC, Agarwal AK, Kumar A, Bhatia V. Varying role of vitamin D deficiency in the etiology of rickets in young children vs. dolescents innorthern India. J Trop Pediatr 2003;49:201-6.

Puri S, Marwaha RK, Agarwal N, TandonN,AgarwalR, GrewalK, et al. Vitamin D status of apparently healthy schoolgirls from two different socioeconomic strata in Delhi: relation to nutrition and lifestyle. Br J Nutr 2008;99:876-82.

Marwaha RK, Tandon N, Reddy DR, Aggarwal R, SinghR, Sawhney RC, et al. Vitamin D and bone mineral density status of healthy schoolchildren in northern India. Am J ClinNutr 2005;82:477-82.

Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, Prasad UV, Sudhakar D. Vitamin Dstatus in Andhra Pradesh: a population based study. Indian J Med Res 2008;127:211-8.

Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, Prasad UV, Sudhakar D, Srinivasarao PV, SarmaKV, et al. High prevalence of low dietary calcium, high phytateconsumption, and vitamin D deficiency in healthy south Indians. Am J ClinNutr 2007;85:1062-7.

Harinarayan CV, Ramalakshmi T, VenkataprasadU. High prevalence of low dietary calcium and low vitamin D status in healthysouth Indians. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 2004;13:359-64.

Outila TA, Kärkkäinen MUM, Lamberg-Allardt CJE. Vitamin D status affects serum parathyroid hormone concentrations during winter in female adolescents: associations with forearm bone mineral density. Am J ClinNutr 2001;74:206-10.

Du X, Greenfield H, Fraser DR, Ge K, Trube A, Wang Y. Vitamin D deficiency and associated factors in adolescent girls in Beijing. Am J ClinNutr 2001;74:494-500.

Ala-Houhala M, Parviainen MT, Pyykko K, Visakorpi JK. Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels in Finnish children aged 2 to 17 years. ActaPediatrScand 1984;73:232-6.

Andersen R, Mølgaard C, Skovgaard LT, Brot C, Cashman KD, Chabros E, et al. Teenage girls and elderly women living in northern Europe have low winter vitamin D states. Eurp J ClinNutr 2005;59:533.




DOI: https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.abcmed.v.9n.1p.25

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2013-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

Advances in Bioscience and Clinical Medicine