Arabs' Stereotypes Revisited: The Need for A Literary Solution

Mohammed Albalawi

Abstract


In the past few decades, there has been a steady growth of interest in studying the representations of Arabs in media as shown by the increasing number of journal articles. Scholars have talked abundantly about he ugly images of Arabs that have been shown in American media for over a century. However, research lacks explanation and sufficing solutions to ameliorate such images. Therefore, this paper is an attempt to facilitate the understanding of Arabs’ stereotypes drawing on the bulk of the theorizing and empirical data in cognitive science, and explain how literature can help undo the mischiefs of stereotypes. Moreover, this paper explores the ways in which the teaching and the promotion of Arabic literature can help dismantle the stereotyping of Arabs in the American media. Particularly, it demonstrates how Ghassan Kanafani’s Men in the Sun can be used to correct faulty representations of Arabs that appeared in media for a long time.

Keywords: Arabs-Stereotypes-Literature-Empathy-Media-Representaion-Attitude-Emotion


Full Text:

PDF

References


ABC Medianet. (2014). Retrieved January 09, 2015, from

http://abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=110805_04

American Dad Wikia. (2014). Retrieved January 6, 2015, from http://americandad.wikia.com/wiki/Main_Page

Alsultany, E. (2012). Arabs and Muslims in the media race and representation after 9/11. New York: New York University Press.

Batson, C., Polycarpou, M., Harmon-Jones, E., Imhoff, H., & Et al. (1997). Empathy And Attitudes: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group improve feelings toward the group? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 105-118.

Batson, C., Chang, J., Orr, R., & Rowland, J. (2002). Empathy, attitudes, and action: Can feeling for a member of a stigmatized group motivate one to help the group? Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 28(12), 1656-1666.

Barakat, H.(1980). Rev. of Men in the Sun and Other Palestinian Stories by Ghassan Kanafani; Hilary Kilpatrick. Middle East Journal, 499-502.

Bhabha, H. (1994). The location of culture. London: Routledge.

Bowder, G. (1980). Rev. of Men in the Sun and Other Palestinian Stories by Ghassan Kanafani; Hilary Kilpatrick. Journal of Arabic Literature, 120-121.

Bracher, M. (2009). How to teach for social justice: Lessons from Uncle Tom's Cabin and cognitive science, and social change." College Literature, 71(4), 359-84.

Bracher, M. (2012) Schema criticism: Literature, cognitive science, and social change."College Literature 39.4, 84-117.

Brown, R. (2010). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell.

CAIR Asks Reviewers of FX's 'Tyrant' to Address Stereotypes of Muslim, Arab Culture - CAIR. (2014, June 20). Retrieved January 11, 2015, from http://www.cair.com/press-center/press-releases/12533-cair-asks-reviewers-of-fx-tyrant-to-address-stereotypes-of-muslim-arab-culture.html

Christensen, D. (2014, September 27). 9/11 victims: Saudi Arabia's backing of al-Qaida made attacks possible. Retrieved January 7, 2015, from http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/broward/article2278393.html

Ferris, G. (2002, April 22). Men in the Sun. Retrieved January 6, 2015, from http://wmich.edu/dialogues/texts/meninthesun.html

Flapan, S. (1987). The Palestinian exodus of 1948. Journal of Palestine Studies, 16(4), 3-26.

Gerard, H., & Miller, N. (1975). School desegregation: A long-term study. New York: Plenum.

Hanley, D. (2001). Washington Report on Middle East Affairs - Saudi Arabian Women Dispel Myths and Stereotypes. Retrieved December 27, 2014, from http://www.wrmea.org/2001-may-june/saudi-arabian-women-dispel-myths-and-stereotypes.html

Haslam, A. (1997). Stereotyping and social influence: Foundations of stereotype consensus”. The Social Psychology of Stereotyping and Group Life. Ed. Spears, Russell, Penelope J. Oakes, Naomi Ellemers, and S. Alexander Haslam. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Images of Arabs and Muslims in American Cinema | SUSRIS. (2010, December 11). Retrieved January 25, 2015, from http://susris.com/2010/12/11/images-of-arabs-and-muslims-in-american-cinema/

Johnson, D., Jasper, D., Griffin, S., & Huffman, B. (2013). Reading Narrative Fiction Reduces Arab-Muslim Prejudice and Offers a Safe Haven From Intergroup Anxiety. Social Cognition, 31(2), 578-598.

Kanafani, G, and Kilpatrick, H. (1999). Men in the Sun & Other Palestinian Stories. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.

Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students." The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 28(3).

Keen, S. (2007). Empathy and the novel. Oxford: Oxford UP.

Khoury, E. (1972). Al-Batal al-filastini fi qisas Ghassan Kanafani." Shu'un Filastiniyya, 13, 174.

Kilpatrick, H. (1976). "Commitment and literature: The case of Ghassan Kanafani." British Society for Middle Eastern Studies. Bulletin, 3, 15-19.

Kilpatrick, H. (1976). "Tradition and innovation in the fiction of Ghassan Kanafani." Journal of Arabic Literature 7.1: 53-64.

Lester, P. (1996). Images that injure: Pictorial stereotypes in the media. Westport, CT: Praeger.

Litcher, J., & Johnson. D. (1969). Changes in attitudes toward negroes of white elementary school students after use of multiethnic readers." Journal of Educational Psychology, 60(2), 148-52.

Little, D. (2002). American orientalism: The United States and the Middle East since 1945. Chapel Hill: U of North Carolina.

Magrath, D. (1979).A study of Rijal Fi Al-Shams by Ghassan Kanafani." Journal of Arabic Literature 10.1: 95-108.

Mar, R., & Oatley, O. (2008). The function of fiction is the abstraction and simulation of social experience." Perspectives on Psychological Science, 3(3) 173-92.

Moskowitz, G. (2005). Social cognition: Understanding self and others. New York: Guilford.

Nacos, B., & Torres-Reyna, O. (2007). Fueling our fears: Stereotyping, media coverage, and public opinion of Muslim Americans. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield.

Nisbet, E., Ostman, R., & Shanahan, J. (1994). Public opinion toward Muslim Americans: Civil liberties and the role of religiosity, ideology, and media use. Ed. Sinno, Oakes, P., Haslam, A., & Turner, J. Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford, UK: Blackwell.

Patai, R. (1973). The Arab mind. New York: Scribner.

Rubinstein, D. (2014). The Arab betrayal, then as now. Retrieved January 21, 2015, from

http://www.i24news.tv/en/news/international/38435-140728-the-betrayal-of-the-arabs-then-as-now

Said, E. (1979). Orientalism. New York: Vintage.

Semmerling, T. (2006). "Evil" Arabs in American popular film: Orientalist fear. Austin:U of Texas.

Semmerling, T. (2008). Those ‘Evil’ Muslims! orientalist fears in the narratives of the War on Terror. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 28, 207-23.

Schmidt, C. (2006). Not just Disney: Destructive stereotypes of Arabs in children's literature." Arabs in the Americas: Interdisciplinary Essays on the Arab Diaspora. Ed. Zabel, D. New York: Peter Lang. 169-82.

Schneider, D. (2004). The psychology of stereotyping. New York: Guilford.

Shaheen, J. (1984). The TV Arab. Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular.

Shaheen, J. (2001). Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people. New York: Olive Branch.

Shaheen, J. (2003).Reel bad Arabs: How Hollywood vilifies a people." The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 588(1), 171-93.

Shaheen, J. (2008). Guilty: Hollywood's verdict on Arabs after 9/11. Northampton, MA: Olive Branch.

Sisler, V. (2008). “Digital Arabs: Representation in video games.”European Journal of Cultural Studies, 11(2), 203-220.

Suleiman, M. (1999). "Islam, Muslims and Arabs in America: The other of the other of the other..." Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 19(1), 33-47.

Suleiman,Y. (2006). Literature and nation in the Middle East. Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP.

WIC - Women's History in America. (2014). Retrieved January 6, 2015, from http://www.wic.org/misc/history.html

Zalk, S, &. Katz, P. (1978). Gender attitudes in children." Sex Roles, 4(3), 447–461.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.




Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

2010-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.

Advances in Language and Literary Studies

You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.