Email this article 
Isometric Thumb Exertion Induces B Cell and T Cell Lymphocytosis in Trained and Untrained Males: Physical Aptitude Determines Response Profiles
Abstract
Purpose: The present study examined the effect of low-dose thumb exertion on lymphocyte subpopulation trafficking. The potential role of blood lactate in mediating lymphocyte redistribution was also investigated. Methods: 27 male participants (18 weightlifting-trained; 9 untrained) were separated into 3 groups of 9 (Weightlifting and Untrained Experimental: WLEXP, UTEXP; Weightlifting Placebo: WLPLA). WLEXP and UTEXP performed 4x60 second isometric thumb intervals separated by 60 second rest intervals in a single-blinded placebo-controlled study. Participants were assessed over a 60 minute post-intervention recovery period for pain, blood lactate and lymphocyte subpopulation counts. Results: WLPLA did not change for any measured variable (p>0.05). The two experimentalgroups increased significantly (p<0.01) in thumb pain post-intervention (WLEXP:4.92/10; UTEXP:2.92/10) however only WLEXP remained elevated across all time-points. Blood lactate increased for both experimental groups post-intervention (p<0.01) whilst peak concentrations (UTEXP: 2.2mmol/L; WLEXP: 2.4mmol/L) and temporal profiles were not different between groups (p>0.05). No differences in cell count were seen for CD56+/CD16+ lymphocytes across time for any group (p>0.05). UTEXP showed an early significant increase (20 min post-intervention) in CD4+CD3+ (20.78%, p<0.01), CD8+CD3+ (15.25%, p<0.01) and CD19+ (18.11%, p=0.013) cell count before returning to levels not different from baseline by the final time-point (p>0.05). Conversely, WLEXP group showed no early increase followed by a delayed increase in cell count evident at the final time-point; CD4+CD3+ (19.06%, p<0.01), CD8+CD3+ (11.46%, p=0.033) and CD19+ (28.87%, p<0.01). Blood lactate was not correlated with lymphocyte counts. Conclusions: Physical aptitude and not cellular energy demand influences the lymphocyte response to resistance-exercise.
Keywords: B-Lymphocytes; Exercise; Lactic Acid; Lymphocytosis; Resistance Training; T-Lymphocytes
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Azeem, K., & Kumar, R. (2011). Effects of weight training on power performance. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 11(2), 124-126.
Benschop, R. J., Schedlowski, M., Wienecke, H., Jacobs, R., & Schmidt, R. E. (1997). Adrenergic control of natural killer cell circulation and adhesion. Brain, Behavior and Immunity, 11, 321-332. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/brbi.1997.0499
Bush, J. A., Kraemer, W. J., Mastro, A. M., Triplett-McBride, N. T., Volek, J. S., Putukian, M., Sebastianelli, W. J., & Knuttgen, H. G. (1999). Exercise and recovery responses of adrenal medullary neurohormones to heavy resistance-exercise. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 31, 554-559. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005768-199904000-00010
Carlson, L. A., Headley, S., DeBruin, J., Tuckow, A. T., Koch, A. J., & Kenefick, R. W. (2008). Carbohydrate supplementation and immune responses after acute exhaustive resistance-exercise. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, 18(3), 247-259.
Conroy, D. E., Willow, J. P., & Metzler, J. N. (2002). Multidimensional fear of failure measurement: The Performance Failure Appraisal Inventory. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(2), 76-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200252907752
Dohi, K., Mastro, A. M., Miles, M. P., Bush, J. A., Grove, D. S., Leach, S. K., Volek, J. S., Nindl, B. C., Marx, J. O., Gotshalk, L.A., Putukian, M., Sebastianelli, W. J., Kraemer, W. J. (2001). Lymphocyte proliferation in response to acute heavy resistance exercise in women: influence of muscle strength and total work. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 85(3-4), 367-373. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210100388
Douris, P., Southard, V., Ferrigi, R., Grauer, J., Katz, D., Nascimento, C., Podbielski, P. (2006). Effect of phototherapy on delayed onset muscle soreness. Photomedicine and Laser Surgery, 24(3), 377-382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/pho.2006.24.377
Dunn, J. G. H., Gotwals, J. K., & Causgrove Dunn, J. (2005). An examination of the domain specificity of perfectionism among intercollegiate student-athletes. Personality and Individual Differences, 38(6), 1439-1448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2004.09.009
Fernandez, J., Mendez-Villanueva, A., Pluim, B. M. (2006). Intensity of tennis match play. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 40(5), 387-391. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2005.023168
Fess, E. E., & Moran, C. (1981). Clinical assessment recommendations. American Society of Hand Therapists. Indianapolis.
Frank, C., Kobesova, A., & Kolar, P. (2013). Dynamic neuromuscular stabilization & sports rehabilitation. International Journal of Sports Physical Therapy, 8(1), 62–73.
Freidenreich, D. J., & Volek, J. S. (2012). Immune responses to resistance-exercise. Exercise Immunology Review, 18, 8-41.
Gleeson, M. J. (2007). Immune function in sport and exercise. Journal of Applied Physiology, 103(2), 693-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00008.2007
Goodwin, M. L., Harris, J. E., Hernández, A., & Gladden, B. L. (2007). Blood lactate measurements and analysis during exercise: A guide for clinicians. J of Diabetes, Science and Technology, 1(4), 558–569. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/193229680700100414
Gould, D., Dieffenbach, K., & Moffett, A, (2002). Psychological characteristics and their development in Olympic champions. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 172-204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10413200290103482
Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T., & French, M. (2011). Measures of Adult Pain, Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care and Research, 63(11), S240–S252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/acr.20543
Jensen, M. P., Karoly, P., & Braver, S. (1986). The measurement of clinical pain intensity: a comparison of six methods. Pain, 27(1), 117–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-3959(86)90228-9
Kraemer, W. J., Fleck, S. J., Maresh, C. M., Ratamess, N. A., Gordon, S. E., Goetz, K. L., Harman, E. A., Frykman, P. N., Volek, J. S., Mazzetti, S. A., Fry, A. C., Marchitelli, L. J., & Patton, J. F. (1999). Acute hormonal responses to a single bout of heavy resistance-exercise in trained power lifters and untrained men. Canadian Journal of Applied Physiology, 24, 524-537.
Landmann, R. (1992). Beta-adrenergic receptors in human leukocyte subpopulations. European Journal of Clinical Investigation, 22(Suppl 1), 30-36.
LeBien, T. W., & Tedder, T. F. (2008). B lymphocytes: how they develop and function. Blood, 112(5), 1570–1580. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2008-02-078071
Luckheeram, R. V., Zhou, R., Verma, A. D., & Xia, B. (2012). CD4⁺T cells: differentiation and functions. Clinical and Developmental Immunology, 2012, 925135. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/925135
Loggia, M. L., Schweinhardt, P., Villemure, C., Bushnell, M. C. (2008). Effects of psychological state on pain perception in the dental environment. Journal (Canadian Dental Association), 74(7), 651-656.
Mathiowetz, V., Kashman, N., Volland, G., Weber, K., Dowe, M., & Rogers, S. (1985). Grip and pinch-strength: normative data for adults. Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, 66(2), 69-74.
Mathiowetz, V., Vizenor, L., & Melander, D. (2000). Comparison of Baseline Instruments to the Jamar Dynamometer and the B&L Engineering Pinch Gauge. Occupational Therapy Journal of Research, 20(3),147-162. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/153944920002000301
Mathiowetz. V., Weber, K., Volland, G., & Kashman, N. (1984). Reliability and validity of grip and pinch-strength evaluations. The Journal of Hand Surgery, 9(2), 222-226.
Mayhew, D. L., Thyfault, J. P., & Koch, A. J. (2005). Rest-interval length affects leukocyte levels during heavy resistance-exercise. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 19,16-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/00124278-200502000-00004
Miles, M. P., Kraemer, W. J., Nindl, B. C., Grove, D. S., Leach, S. K., Dohi, K., Marx, J. O., Volek, J. S., & Mastro, A. M. (2003). Strength, workload, anaerobic intensity and the immune response to resistance exercise in women. Acta Physiologica Scandinavica, 178(2), 155-163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-201x.2003.01124.x
Mosser, D. M., & Edwards, J. P. (2008). Exploring the full spectrum of macrophage activation. Nature Reviews Immunology, 8, 958-969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nri2788
Pollock, M. L., Franklin, B. A., Balady, G. J., Chaitman, B. L., Fleg, J. L., Fletcher, B., Limacher, M., Piña, I. L., Stein, R. A., Williams, M., & Bazzarre, T. (2000). Resistance-exercise in individuals with and without cardiovascular disease: benefits, rationale, safety, and prescription. An advisory from the committee on exercise, rehabilitation, and prevention, council on clinical cardiology, American Heart Association. Circulation, 101, 828-833. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.cir.101.7.828
Pullinen, T., Nicol, C., MacDonald, E., & Komi, P. V. (1999). Plasma catecholamine responses to four resistance exercise tests in men and women. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology, 80, 125-131. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050568
Punsola-Izard, V., Salas-Gómez, D., Sirvent-Rivalda, E., & Esquirol-Caussà, J. (2012). Functional patterns of thumb key pinch and their influence on thumb strength and stability. Hand Therapy, 17(4), 78-86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ht.2012.012016
Pyne, D. B., Boston, T., Martin, D.T., & Logan, A. (2000). Evaluation of the Lactate Pro blood lactate analyser. European Journal of Applied Physiology, 82(1-2), 112-116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s004210050659
Ranisavljev, I., & Vladimir, I. (2010). Modalities of training parameter alternation in nowadays strength training practice. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 29(4), 41-46.
Rhudy, J. L., & Meagher, M. W. (2000). Fear and anxiety: divergent effects on human pain thresholds. Pain, 84(1), 65-75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0304-3959(99)00183-9
Schulz, K. F., Chalmers, I., Hayes, R. J., & Altman, D. G. (1995). Empirical evidence of bias: Dimensions of methodological quality associated with estimates of treatment effects in controlled trials. Journal of the American Medical Association, 273(5), 408-412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.273.5.408
Sellwood, K. L., Brukner, P., Williams, D., Nicol, A., & Hinman, R. (2007). Ice-water immersion and delayed-onset muscle soreness: a randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 41(6), 392–397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bjsm.2006.033985
Solomonow, M., & Krogsgaard, M. (2001). Sensorimotor control of knee stability. A review. Scandinavian Journal of Medicine and Science in Sports, 11(2), 64-80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0838.2001.011002064.x
Sonnet, C., Lafuste, P., Arnold, L., Brigitte, M., Poron, F., Authier, F. J., Chretien, F., Gherardi, R. K., & Chazaud, B. (2006). Human macrophages rescue myoblasts and myotubes from apoptosis through a set of adhesion molecular systems. Journal of Cell Science, 119, 2497-2507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/jcs.02988
Spurway, N. C. (1992) Aerobic exercise, anaerobic exercise and the lactate threshold. British Medical Bulletin, 48(3), 569-91.
Stoeber, J. (2011). The dual nature of perfectionism in sports: Relationships with emotion, motivation, and performance. International Review of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 4(2), 128-145s. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1750984x.2011.604789
Szlezak, A. M., Tajouri, L., Keane, J., Szlezak, S. L., Minahan, C. (2015). Micro-dose of resistance-exercise: effects of sub-maximal thumb exertion on leukocyte redistribution and fatigue in trained male weightlifters. Journal of Physical Education and Sport, 15(3), 365-377. http://dx.doi.org/10.7752/jpes.2015.03055
Towles, J. D., Hentz, V. R., & Murray, W. M. (2008). Use of intrinsic thumb muscles may help to improve lateral pinch function restored by tendon transfer. Clinical Biomechanics, 23(4), 387–394. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2007.11.008
Vucetic, V., Mozek, M., & Rakovac, M. (2015). Peak blood lactate parameters in athletes of different running events during low-intensity recovery after ramp-type protocol. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 29(4):1057-1063. http://dx.doi.org/10.1519/jsc.0000000000000725
Walsh, N. P., Gleeson, M., Shephard, R. J., Gleeson, M., Woods, J. A., Bishop, N. C., Fleshner, M., Green, C., Pedersen, B. K., Hoffman-Goetz, L., Rogers, C. J., Northoff, H., Abbasi, A., & Simon, P. (2011). Position statement. Part one: Immune function and exercise. Exercise Immunology Reviews, 17, 6-63.
Wirtz, N., Wahl, P., Kleinöder, H., Mester, J. (2014). Lactate Kinetics during Multiple Set Resistance Exercise. Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 13(1), 73–77.
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
2013-2023 (CC-BY) Australian International Academic Centre PTY.LTD.
International Journal of Kinesiology and Sports Science
You may require to add the 'aiac.org.au' domain to your e-mail 'safe list’ If you do not receive e-mail in your 'inbox'. Otherwise, you may check your 'Spam mail' or 'junk mail' folders.